| ▴ Proto-Turkic | ▴ Altaic etymology | ▴ Meaning | ▴ Russian meaning | ▴ Old Turkic | ▴ Karakhanid | ▴ Turkish | ▴ Tatar | ▴ Middle Turkic | ▴ Uzbek | ▴ Uighur | ▴ Sary-Yughur | ▴ Azerbaidzhan | ▴ Turkmen | ▴ Khakassian | ▴ Shor | ▴ Oyrat | ▴ Halaj | ▴ Chuvash | ▴ Yakut | ▴ Dolgan | ▴ Tuva | ▴ Tofalar | ▴ Kirghiz | ▴ Kazakh | ▴ Noghai | ▴ Bashkir | ▴ Balkar | ▴ Gagauz | ▴ Karaim | ▴ Karakalpak | ▴ Salar | ▴ Kumyk | ▴ Comments |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kalpak | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"hat | face="Times New Roman Star"øàïêà, øëÿïà |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kalpak | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq (Abush., Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpo|q | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qalmaq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Galpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"xalbax, xalpax |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xalpa:q |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qalfaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qalpaq | face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 234-235. The word is not attested in OT; cf. however the common Slavic loanword *klobukú, attested in Russian sources already in the 12th century (in ÷üðíèè êëîáóöè 'black hats' = the Karakalpaks, but with characteristically Bulgarian phonology). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.l(y)- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to rise 2 jump up | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ïîäíèìàòüñÿ 2 ïîäïðûãèâàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qaly- (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaly- (MK, KB) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kalk(y)- 2, kal-dyr- (caus.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qalq- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalq- (Pav. C., Áóä.) 1, (Houts., IM) 2, qal-dur- (caus.) (Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qalq- 1, qalqi- 1, 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Galx- 1, Gal-dyr- (caus.) | face="Times New Roman Star"Galk- 1, Gal-dyr- (caus.) | face="Times New Roman Star"xaly- 1,2 (dial. Sag.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaly- 1,2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kylyj- 1,2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xaly- 1,2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qalqy- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalqy- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalq- 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qalqy- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qalq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 226, ÝÑÒß 5, 224-226. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*KA:ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 become blinded, dumb 2 (set) teeth on edge 3 to be tired, pine, droop | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñëåïíóòü, ãëîõíóòü 2 íàáèâàòü îñêîìèíó 3 óñòàâàòü, èçíåìîãàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qamas?- (Orkh.) 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qama- (MK, KB) 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kamas?- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qamas?- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qamas?- (Pav. C., Áîð. Áàä., MA) 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|me|s?- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qamas?- 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gamas?- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:mas?- 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qama- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qama- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qama- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qamas?- 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qamas- 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qama- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 228, ÝÑÒß 5, 242-243, 246-247. Cf. also Kirgh., Kaz. qam 'sorrow', Turkm. Gam GajGy 'mischief, sorrow'. Turk. > MMong. (MA) qama- id. (see Ùåðáàê 1997, 197). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*KAmgak | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"saltwort, Salsula | face="Times New Roman Star"ñîëÿíêà, ïîòàøíèê, Salsula | face="Times New Roman Star"qamg|aq (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qamg|aq (MK) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qamg|aq (Qutb., Pav. C.), qamqaq (Houts.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|mg|o|q | face="Times New Roman Star"qamg|aq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Gamaq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qamg|aq | face="Times New Roman Star"qan|baq | face="Times New Roman Star"qambaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qamg|aq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qan|baq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qammaq | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 627, VEWT 229, ÝÑÒß 5, 244-245. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kamyl/ | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"reed | face="Times New Roman Star"òðîñòíèê | face="Times New Roman Star"qamus?, qamys? (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qamys? (MK, IM) | face="Times New Roman Star"kamys? | face="Times New Roman Star"qamys? | face="Times New Roman Star"qamys? (Qutb, MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|mis? | face="Times New Roman Star"qomus? |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gamys? | face="Times New Roman Star"Gamys? | face="Times New Roman Star"xamys |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qamys? |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xúw|múw|l 'stalk of cereals' | face="Times New Roman Star"xamys, xomus |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qamys? | face="Times New Roman Star"qamys | face="Times New Roman Star"qamys | face="Times New Roman Star"qamys? | face="Times New Roman Star"qamis? |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qamys |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qamus? | face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 249-250, TMN 3, 517. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kia:n | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"blood | face="Times New Roman Star"êðîâü | face="Times New Roman Star"qan (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qan (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan (MA, Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|n | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"Gan | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:n | face="Times New Roman Star"xan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qa:n | face="Times New Roman Star"jon | face="Times New Roman Star"xa:n | face="Times New Roman Star"ka:n | face="Times New Roman Star"xan | face="Times New Roman Star"xan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga(:)n | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 230, TMN 3, 360-361, EDT 629-630, ÝÑÒß 5, 251, Åãîðîâ 349, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 486, Stachowski 142. Turk. > WMong. qana- 'to let bleed' (KW 166, TMN 3, 361, Ùåðáàê 1997, 133). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:n- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to be satisfied | face="Times New Roman Star"áûòü óäîâëåòâîðåííûì | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- (MK, KB, IM) | face="Times New Roman Star"kan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"(OKypch.) qan- (AH) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|n- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gan- | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:n- | face="Times New Roman Star"xan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xan- | face="Times New Roman Star"kan- | face="Times New Roman Star"xan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 632, VEWT 230, ÝÑÒß 5, 251-252, Stachowski 136. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:jnat | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 wing 2 fin | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êðûëî 2 ïëàâíèê | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat (OUygh.- YB) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat (MK, KB) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kanat 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat (Abush., MA) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qano|t 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qejnat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Ganad, ga"na"d (dial.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:nat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xanat 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1, 2, qanar 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/onat 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kynat, kyj yat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kynat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat (Kakuk,ÑÑß) | face="Times New Roman Star"qanat 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 230, TMN 3, 518, EDT 635, ÝÑÒß 5, 252-253, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 137, Ëåêñèêà 149-150, Stachowski 168. Initial s/- in Chuv. is unclear (effect of *-j-?). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.m- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 bed-bug 2 beetle | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êëîï 2 æóê |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kandalaj 1 (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qandala 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qandala (Houts., Áóä.) 1, qandala (Qum.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|nde|lo| 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Gandala 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xandala 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qandryjaq 'cochlea' (Âåðá.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xúw|mtla, xúw|mdúw|la, xúw|mgúw|la ? xúw|ngúw|la 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qantala 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qandala 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qandalaj | face="Times New Roman Star"qandala 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qandag|aj 1, qamaz?aq 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qandala 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qandala 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 229, ÝÑÒß 5, 253-254, Ëåêñèêà 183. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*KAn|-c?yk | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 bitch 2 female | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñóêà 2 ñàìêà | face="Times New Roman Star"qanc?yq (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanc?yq (MK) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kanz?|yk 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qanc?yq (Pav. C., Houts., Qutb.), qanc?uq (AH) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|nz?|iq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanc?uq, qanz?|iq (dial.) 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Ganz?|yG 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Ganz?|yq 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qanc?yq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qans?yq, qan|s?y 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qanz?|yq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qansyq, qansaj 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qans?yq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qanc?yq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 230, ÝÑÒß 5, 255-256, Ëåêñèêà 190. The original *-n|- is probably preserved in Kaz. qan|s?y. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:p | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 sack 2 to surround | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ìåøîê 2 îêðóæàòü |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 (MA, IM), qaba- 'to besiege' (Áîð. Áàä.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|p 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1, dial. qaba- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gab | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:p 1, Ga:ba- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xappar 1 (?) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap/b- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qap 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 233, TMN 3, 366-367, EDT 578 (should be separated from *kab!) ÝÑÒß 5, 159, 266-267 (with a partial confusion with another root, probably of Mongolian origin, see under *KAmug), 266-267. Despite Doerfer (ibid.) the resemblance with *Ka:puk 'bark' is only superficial. See also notes to *K(i)amak / *K(i)apak 'forehead, eyebrow/eyelid'. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kap- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to snatch, take 2 to bite | face="Times New Roman Star"1 áðàòü, õâàòàòü 2 êóñàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- (Orkh., OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- (MK, KB) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kap- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- (AH, IM, Pav. C., Qutb) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|p- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- 1,2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gap- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gap- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xap- 1,2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qap- 1,2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xyp- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xap- 1,2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qa'p- 'to grab with one's mouth; bite (of fish)' | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qab- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap- 1,2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qap- 1,2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 233, EDT 580, ÝÑÒß 5, 264-265, TMN 3, 373-374. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kap- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 cover (n.) 2 gate, door 3 to close | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êðûøêà 2 âîðîòà, äâåðü 3 çàêðûâàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qapag|, qapyg| (Orkh., OUygh.) 2, qapg|y (Orkh.) 2, qapaq (OUygh.) 1, qap- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qapug| (MK, KB), qapg|aq (MK) 1, qapug| (MK) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kapak 1, kapy 2, kapa- 3, kap- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qapqaq 1, qapqa 2, qapla- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qabag| (Qutb.) 1, qapu (Houts., Pav. C.) 2, qabug| (Qutb.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|pe|qo|q 1, qo|pqe| 2, qo|ple|- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap(q)aq 1, dial. qobug| 2, qapla- 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"GapaG 1, Gapy 2, Gapa- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gapaq 1, Gapy 2, dial. Gap- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"xaxpax 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xobú 1, xop(la)- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"xappax 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kappakta:- 'to cover' | face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qapqaq 1, qapqa 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1, qapy 2, qaqpa 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qapaq 1, qapy 2, qap(l)a- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qapqa 2, qapla- 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1, qapy 2, qaqpa 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qa:vu 2 (ÑÑß) | face="Times New Roman Star"qapu 2, qabaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 203, TMN 3, 369, ÝÑÒß 5, 160, 263-264, 274-275, Ëåêñèêà 510, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 358-359, Stachowski 138 (there is also a variant *Ka:p- - due to merger with another root *Ka:p-, v. sub *k[a:]p`a/; the meaning 'cover' here is probably secondary). Turk. > Mong. qabqag| 'cover' (whence Evk. kapkak, see Doerfer MT 125), qabqa 'gate', see TMN 3, 371, 415, Hung. kapu 'gate', see Gombocz 1912. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*KAk | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"dry | face="Times New Roman Star"ñóõîé |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"dial. kak, kah | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq (Sangl., Abush.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|q | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gax | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 223, ÝÑÒß 5, 218-220, EDT 608. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*KAk- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to hit, knock, tear | face="Times New Roman Star"áèòü, ñòó÷àòü, ðâàòü |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kak- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- (Houts., AH, Qutb, MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|q- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gax- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq-, qaqyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"xax- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kakryj- 'break into small pieces' | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qa'q- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 223, ÝÑÒß 5, 221-222, Stachowski 135. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kia:r | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"snow | face="Times New Roman Star"ñíåã | face="Times New Roman Star"qar (Orkh., Yenis., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qar (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kar | face="Times New Roman Star"qar | face="Times New Roman Star"qar (Sangl., Qutb., Houts.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|r | face="Times New Roman Star"qar, qaa |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gar | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:r | face="Times New Roman Star"xar | face="Times New Roman Star"qar | face="Times New Roman Star"qar |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jor | face="Times New Roman Star"xa:r | face="Times New Roman Star"ka:r | face="Times New Roman Star"xar | face="Times New Roman Star"xar | face="Times New Roman Star"qar | face="Times New Roman Star"qar | face="Times New Roman Star"qar | face="Times New Roman Star"qar | face="Times New Roman Star"qar | face="Times New Roman Star"qa:r |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qar |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qar | face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 284-285, EDT 641, VEWT 235, Åãîðîâ 350, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 490, Ëåêñèêà 27, Stachowski 142. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kara | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"black | face="Times New Roman Star"÷åðíûé | face="Times New Roman Star"qara (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qara (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara (MA, IM, Pav. C., AH, Áîð. Áàä.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|re| | face="Times New Roman Star"qara, dial. qare | face="Times New Roman Star"Gara | face="Times New Roman Star"Gara | face="Times New Roman Star"Gara | face="Times New Roman Star"xara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"xora | face="Times New Roman Star"xara | face="Times New Roman Star"kara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"Gara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 235, TMN 3, 426-432, EDT 643-4, ÝÑÒß 5, 286-289, 299-100, Ëåêñèêà 592-593, Stachowski 138, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 362. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 opposite 2 be opposite, meet 3 bandit | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûé 2 âñòðå÷àòüñÿ 3 ðàçáîéíèê | face="Times New Roman Star"qars?y (OUygh.) 1; qaraqc?y (OUygh.) 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qars?u (MK, KB), qars?y (KB) 1, qaraqc?y (KB) 3, qaraqla- (MK) 'to rob' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq (Pav. C., Abush.) 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|re|qc?i 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Gars?y- 2; Garaq 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xir@s/- 2; xorax 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"xar, xa:r 1 (Ïåê.); xar-da 'retaliation'; xarys- 'to fight (with each other)' | face="Times New Roman Star"kar-da 'retaliation', karys- 'to fight' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraqc?y 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraqs?y 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 235, ÝÑÒß 5, 294-295, 326-327, Àøì. XVI, 219-220, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 365-366, Stachowski 139, 140. Chuv. xir@s/- may actually reflect a different root (see *geru"l/-), or a contamination. Turk. qars?y > Mong. qarsi (Clark 1980, 41). Cf. also *Karma 'robbery'. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Karak | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 eye-ball 2 eye 3 a gentle address ("my dear") | face="Times New Roman Star"1 çðà÷îê 2 ãëàç 3 ëàñêîâîå îáðàùåíèå | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 1 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 2 (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"ko"z karasy 1, Osm. (XV) qaraq 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq (Pav. C., Áîð. Áàä., Sangl.) 1, (Abush.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|re|c?iq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qar(i)c?uq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"go"z Garasy 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Garaq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xarax 2, dial. xarac?y 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 1, 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"kos/ xori 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xarax 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"karak 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3, dial. qareq 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3, qaras?yq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaras?yq 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3, qaras?yq 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 235-236, TMN 3, 434-436, EDT 652, ÝÑÒß 5, 295-296, Àøì. VII, 36, Ëåêñèêà 210, Stachowski 138. Deriving *Karak from *Kara 'black' (see also TMN 1, 401) is highly dubious both for semantic and morphological reasons; forms like Tur. go"z karasy result from secondary reanalysis. Cf. also the forms *Kara-la- 'to stare' (Az. qarala-, Uygh. qarala-, see ÝÑÒß 5, 289), *Karaj- 'to watch, preserve' (Yak. xaraj-, Dolg. karaj-; Yak. xarys 'care, wariness', Dolg. karysta:- 'to care, beware', see Stachowski 138, 140) - which, in contrast to qara- 'look' ( < Mong.) are unlikely to be borrowed. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*KArga | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"crow | face="Times New Roman Star"âîðîíà | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"karg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a (Houts., AH, IM, Qutb., Pav. C.), qarqa (MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|rg|e| | face="Times New Roman Star"qa(r)g|a |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Garg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"GarGa | face="Times New Roman Star"xarg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qa:rg|an | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|an | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a, g|arg|a |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qarg|a | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 237, TMN 3, 384, ÝÑÒß 5, 303-304, Ëåêñèêà 171. Turk. > Mong. qarg|a (Ùåðáàê 1997, 134). |
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