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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*ujaface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"nestface="Times New Roman Star"ãíåçäîface="Times New Roman Star"uja (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"uja (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"juwaface="Times New Roman Star"ojaface="Times New Roman Star"juwa, uja (AH, Ettuhf.)face="Times New Roman Star"ujaface="Times New Roman Star"uwa, ugaface="Times New Roman Star"uja, oja 'egg'face="Times New Roman Star"juwa
face="Times New Roman Star"uja
face="Times New Roman Star"uja
face="Times New Roman Star"júw|vaface="Times New Roman Star"ujaface="Times New Roman Star"ujaface="Times New Roman Star"ujaface="Times New Roman Star"ujaface="Times New Roman Star"ujaface="Times New Roman Star"ujaface="Times New Roman Star"ujaface="Times New Roman Star"oja
face="Times New Roman Star"juwaface="Times New Roman Star"juwa, ujaface="Times New Roman Star"uja
face="Times New Roman Star"ujaface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 511, EDT 267, ÝÑÒß 4, 239, Åãîðîâ 73, Stachowski 242.
face="Times New Roman Star"*jubkaface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"thin, slender, unsubstantialface="Times New Roman Star"òîíêèéface="Times New Roman Star"juqa (OUygh.), jujqa (Orkh.)face="Times New Roman Star"jupqa, juvqa (MK), juvg|a (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"jufkaface="Times New Roman Star"juqaface="Times New Roman Star"jufqa (AH), juqa (Ettuhf.)face="Times New Roman Star"jupqaface="Times New Roman Star"jupqa, juqa, z?upqa, z?uquface="Times New Roman Star"juqaface="Times New Roman Star"juxaface="Times New Roman Star"ju:qaface="Times New Roman Star"c?ug|aface="Times New Roman Star"c?og|aface="Times New Roman Star"d/uqa
face="Times New Roman Star"s/u"g|e

face="Times New Roman Star"c?ug|aface="Times New Roman Star"c?ug|aface="Times New Roman Star"z?|upqa, z?|uqaface="Times New Roman Star"z?uqaface="Times New Roman Star"juqaface="Times New Roman Star"joqaface="Times New Roman Star"z?uqaface="Times New Roman Star"jufqa, jyfqaface="Times New Roman Star"juwg|a, jufqaface="Times New Roman Star"z?u>qaface="Times New Roman Star"jox|baface="Times New Roman Star"juqqaface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 209, TMN 4, 211-212, EDT 874, ÝÑÒß 4, 241-242.
face="Times New Roman Star"*jok-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 up, above 2 hill, elevationface="Times New Roman Star"1 ââåðõ, íàâåðõ 2 âîçâûøåííîñòü, ïîäúåìface="Times New Roman Star"joqaru 1 (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"joqaru 1, joq 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"jukary 1, jokus? 2face="Times New Roman Star"jug|ary 1face="Times New Roman Star"joqaru (AH), juqar (Pav. C.) 1, joqus? (AH, Ettuhf.)face="Times New Roman Star"juqo|ri 1face="Times New Roman Star"juqari 1
face="Times New Roman Star"juxary, dial. uxary 1, joxus? 2face="Times New Roman Star"joqary 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?og|ar 1

face="Times New Roman Star"juqqar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"sog|oru, sog|uru: 'South; centre'face="Times New Roman Star"soguru: 'South'

face="Times New Roman Star"z?|og|or(u) 1face="Times New Roman Star"z?og|ary 1
face="Times New Roman Star"jug|ary 1face="Times New Roman Star"og|ary 1face="Times New Roman Star"juqar(y) 1face="Times New Roman Star"jog|ary 1, joqus?, joqys? 2face="Times New Roman Star"z?oqary 1

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 896, 906, ÝÑÒß 4, 213-214, 215, Stachowski 211.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ju"genface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"bridleface="Times New Roman Star"óçäå÷êà
face="Times New Roman Star"ju"go"n (MK, IM)face="Times New Roman Star"ojanface="Times New Roman Star"jo"ga"nface="Times New Roman Star"ujan (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"juganface="Times New Roman Star"ju"ga"nface="Times New Roman Star"jug|yn (ßÆÓ)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"ja"nface="Times New Roman Star"u"jen, ujanface="Times New Roman Star"c?u"genface="Times New Roman Star"c?u"genface="Times New Roman Star"u"jgen
face="Times New Roman Star"j@w|venface="Times New Roman Star"u":n
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"g|en
face="Times New Roman Star"z?|u"go"nface="Times New Roman Star"z?u"genface="Times New Roman Star"ju"wenface="Times New Roman Star"ju"ga"nface="Times New Roman Star"z?|u"gen
face="Times New Roman Star"ijgen, ju"genface="Times New Roman Star"z?u"wen
face="Times New Roman Star"ju"genface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 212, EDT 913, ÝÑÒß 1, 577, Åãîðîâ 77, Ëåêñèêà 556.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ju"gu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to hurry, runface="Times New Roman Star"ñïåøèòü, áåæàòüface="Times New Roman Star"ju"gu"r- (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"gu"r- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"gu"r-, ju"jir- (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"jo"ger-face="Times New Roman Star"ju"gu"r- (Houts., MA, AH), ju"wu"r- (Ettuhf.)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"gir-, jugur-face="Times New Roman Star"z?u"gu"(r)-
face="Times New Roman Star"ju"ju"r-face="Times New Roman Star"ju"wu"r- (dial.), ju"gu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"gu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"gu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"ju"gu"r-, d/u"gu"r-

face="Times New Roman Star"su":r-face="Times New Roman Star"hu":r-face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"gu"r-
face="Times New Roman Star"z?|u"gu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"z?u"gir-face="Times New Roman Star"juwyr-face="Times New Roman Star"ju"ger-

face="Times New Roman Star"juwur-, z?|uwur-face="Times New Roman Star"z?u"gir-, z?uwyr-face="Times New Roman Star"jugur-, ju"'ku"r- (ÑÑß)
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 914, VEWT 212, ÝÑÒß 4, 258, Stachowski 116.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ju"-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 load 2 to load, carryface="Times New Roman Star"1 ãðóç, òÿæåñòü 2 íàãðóæàòü, âåçòèface="Times New Roman Star"ju"k 1, ju"-d- 2 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k 1, ju"-d|- 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"jo"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k 1 (Houts., AH)face="Times New Roman Star"juk 1face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"ju"j- 2, ju"k, d/u"k 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s/@w|k 1face="Times New Roman Star"su"k- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"`k 1, c?u"du"r- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"z?|u"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"z?u"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"jo"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"z?|u"k, z?u"k, zu"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"u"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k, juk, jik, ik 1

face="Times New Roman Star"ju"k, juk 1face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 885, 910, VEWT 212, ÝÑÒß 4, 262-263, Ëåêñèêà 520.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ju"g-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 upwards 2 to rise 3 hill 4 highface="Times New Roman Star"1 ââåðõ, íàâåðõ 2 ïîäíèìàòüñÿ 3 õîëì 4 âûñîêèéface="Times New Roman Star"ju"geru" (Orkh., OUygh.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"ju"kse- 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"ksel- 2, ju"z?|e, (dial.) ju"g, ju"z?|ek, ju"gz?|ek, ju"vz?|ek 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ju"ksa"t- 2 (Houts.), ju"c?e 4 (AH)


face="Times New Roman Star"ju"ksa"l- 2, uz?|a 4














face="Times New Roman Star"u":sel- 2face="Times New Roman Star"o"ksel- 2


face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 915, ÝÑÒß 4, 263-264. The form *ju"geru" is replaced in most modern languages by a back row variant *jokaru, *jokgaru (see ÝÑÒß 4, 213-214); this may be due to a contamination with a synonymous root *jok "up, above" (see ÝÑÒß 4, 215).
face="Times New Roman Star"*jem-u"r-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to crush, destroy 2 to curse, reproachface="Times New Roman Star"1 ëîìàòü, ðàçðóøàòü 2 ïîðèöàòü, óïðåêàòüface="Times New Roman Star"jemir- (OUygh.) 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"jemu"r- (MK) 1
face="Times New Roman Star"z?|imer- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jimir-, ju"mu"r- (R., Áóä.) 1
face="Times New Roman Star"jimir- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ju"mu"r- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jemir- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"nebir- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jemir-, d/emir- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s/@w|m@w|r- 2, 1

face="Times New Roman Star"c?emir- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"z?|emir- 2, 1
face="Times New Roman Star"jemir- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jemer- 1

face="Times New Roman Star"jemir- 1face="Times New Roman Star"z?emir- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"jemir- 1face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 937, VEWT 197, ÝÑÒß 4, 183-184, Åãîðîâ 210. The meaning 'crush, destroy, widespread in modern languages, must be a secondary development from the original more abstract 'harm' (whence also 'curse, reproach').
face="Times New Roman Star"*jen|gu"-l, jen|i-kface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"lightface="Times New Roman Star"ëåãêèéface="Times New Roman Star"jenik, jo"n|u"l (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"n|u"l (Tefs., IM), jenik 'light', jeni- 'to become light' (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"jeni, ju"nu"l, jejniface="Times New Roman Star"z?|in|elface="Times New Roman Star"jen|gil (Sangl.), ju"ngu"l (MKypch. - Ettuhf.)face="Times New Roman Star"jen|ilface="Times New Roman Star"jenik, jen|ilface="Times New Roman Star"z?|ig (<*jen|ig)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"ngu"l, jejinface="Times New Roman Star"jen|ilface="Times New Roman Star"ni:k (< *jen|ik)
face="Times New Roman Star"d/en|ilface="Times New Roman Star"jin|gil, jejinface="Times New Roman Star"s/úw|múw|l

face="Times New Roman Star"c?i:k (< *jen|ik)face="Times New Roman Star"nin|es?face="Times New Roman Star"z?|en|ilface="Times New Roman Star"z?en|ilface="Times New Roman Star"jen|ilface="Times New Roman Star"jen|elface="Times New Roman Star"z?|en|gil, z?engil, zengilface="Times New Roman Star"jilinface="Times New Roman Star"jen|il, jen|gil, jenilface="Times New Roman Star"z?en|il
face="Times New Roman Star"jen|ilface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 948, 950, VEWT 198, ÝÑÒß 4, 188, 184, Ëåêñèêà 340. Turk. > Hung. gyenge 'weak', see Gombocz 1912.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ju":r/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"hundredface="Times New Roman Star"ñòîface="Times New Roman Star"ju"z (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"z (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ju"zface="Times New Roman Star"jo"zface="Times New Roman Star"ju"z (MA, AH)face="Times New Roman Star"juzface="Times New Roman Star"juzface="Times New Roman Star"juz, jo"zface="Times New Roman Star"ju"zface="Times New Roman Star"ju":zface="Times New Roman Star"c?u"sface="Times New Roman Star"c?u"sface="Times New Roman Star"ju"s, d/u"sface="Times New Roman Star"ju":zface="Times New Roman Star"s/@w|rface="Times New Roman Star"su":sface="Times New Roman Star"hu":sface="Times New Roman Star"c?u"sface="Times New Roman Star"c?u"sface="Times New Roman Star"z?|u"zface="Times New Roman Star"z?u"zface="Times New Roman Star"ju"zface="Times New Roman Star"jo"d|face="Times New Roman Star"z?|u"z, zu"zface="Times New Roman Star"u"zface="Times New Roman Star"ju"z, juz/, jiz, izface="Times New Roman Star"z?u"zface="Times New Roman Star"ju"zface="Times New Roman Star"ju"z, juzface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 983, VEWT 213, ÝÑÒß 4, 260 (Turkm. ju"z), Ëåêñèêà 574, Stachowski 117.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kemface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"illnessface="Times New Roman Star"áîëåçíüface="Times New Roman Star"kem (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ig-kem (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"gem, kem (dial.)




face="Times New Roman Star"ka"m (dial.)


face="Times New Roman Star"kem

face="Times New Roman Star"kem 'agnail (illness)'
face="Times New Roman Star"kem










face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 720, ÝÑÒß 5, 34-35, VEWT 250, Clark 1977, 138, (should be distinguished from kem 'few' < Pers.). Cf. perhaps Chuv. kúw|múw|r 'anger'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kendu"k (*Kentu"k)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 large earthenware jar for storing flour 2 bin, crib for flour, grainface="Times New Roman Star"1 áîëüøîé ãëèíÿíûé ñîñóä äëÿ ìóêè 2 ëàðü, çàêðîì äëÿ ìóêè, çåðíà
face="Times New Roman Star"kendu"k (MK - Ganch.) 1

face="Times New Roman Star"ku"ndu"k 'jug' (Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"kandik 2

face="Times New Roman Star"ka"ndi 2



face="Times New Roman Star"ka"ndi 'basket'face="Times New Roman Star"kandi 'round wooden bowl'



face="Times New Roman Star"kendik 'room for grain, fuel' (may be < Pers.)








face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 729. Clauson regards the word as an unequivocal iranism. The Iranian forms are: Pekhl. kndwg ( > Armen. k'andouk), Pers. kandu:, kandu:k 'big earthenware vessel for storing grain', Osset. xaendyg 'pail for pickled cheese'. Persian is the source of Syr. kndwk-, Arab. kandu:z?| 'big vessel for grain'. Also related is Sak. khadi:rakya (*xandi:ra-) 'a vessel' (possibly, some basket-work, see Bailey 71, Àá. 4, 173). Abayev derives the above forms from Iran. *kan- 'to dig' - which is not quite plausible (in a participle we would expect the zero grade vocalism; unclear is the labial vowel in the suffix; semantics raises doubts). On the other hand, all the above Iranian forms can be well explained as Turkisms, including the Saka form - with the suffix -rak (a wellknown suffix for receptacles, see Bang 1918). External parallels provide the final support for such a decision. Middle Greek ko/ndu" 'pota":/rion' may be < Bulg., cf. the Chuv. semantics (see Ôàñìåð sub êàíäèÿ; cf. also other European words possibly having the same source).
face="Times New Roman Star"*kendir (*kentir)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"hempface="Times New Roman Star"êîíîïëÿface="Times New Roman Star"kendir (OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"kendirface="Times New Roman Star"kinderface="Times New Roman Star"kendirface="Times New Roman Star"kendirface="Times New Roman Star"ka"ndi(r)face="Times New Roman Star"kenz?|ir, kemz?|erface="Times New Roman Star"ka"ndirface="Times New Roman Star"kendirface="Times New Roman Star"kind@rface="Times New Roman Star"ka"ndirface="Times New Roman Star"kendir
face="Times New Roman Star"kandúr

face="Times New Roman Star"xendir
face="Times New Roman Star"kendirface="Times New Roman Star"kendirface="Times New Roman Star"kendirface="Times New Roman Star"kinderface="Times New Roman Star"kendir

face="Times New Roman Star"kendir
face="Times New Roman Star"kendirface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 729, VEWT 252, ÝÑÒß 5, 39-40, Ëåêñèêà 127-128. Turk. > WMong. kendir (TMN 3, 608, Ùåðáàê 1997, 127), WMong. kenc?ir, Kalm. kenc?r (KW 226); > Hung. kender (Gombocz 1912); > Russ. kendy/r' (Àíèêèí 282).
face="Times New Roman Star"*ke.pekface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"branface="Times New Roman Star"îòðóáè
face="Times New Roman Star"kepek (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kepekface="Times New Roman Star"kibe|kface="Times New Roman Star"kebek (IM)face="Times New Roman Star"kepe|kface="Times New Roman Star"kepe|k
face="Times New Roman Star"ka"pa"kface="Times New Roman Star"kepekface="Times New Roman Star"kib@k


face="Times New Roman Star"kibek, kim@k (dial.)

face="Times New Roman Star"xevek
face="Times New Roman Star"kebekface="Times New Roman Star"kebekface="Times New Roman Star"kebekface="Times New Roman Star"ke|be|k
face="Times New Roman Star"kepek
face="Times New Roman Star"kepek, kebek
face="Times New Roman Star"gebekface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 688; ÝÑÒß 5, 47.
face="Times New Roman Star"*kepelekface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"butterflyface="Times New Roman Star"áàáî÷êà
face="Times New Roman Star"kepeli (MK), kebelek (Tefs.), kelebek (IM)face="Times New Roman Star"kelebek; ko"pelek, kepenek (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"ku"be|le|kface="Times New Roman Star"ko"pelek (Abush.)face="Times New Roman Star"kapalakface="Times New Roman Star"kepile|k
face="Times New Roman Star"ka"pa"na"kface="Times New Roman Star"kebelek, kepelek (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"xobanax, xubanaxface="Times New Roman Star"xopaxface="Times New Roman Star"ko"bo"lo"k



face="Times New Roman Star"xovag|an
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"po"lo"k
face="Times New Roman Star"ku"pelekface="Times New Roman Star"ku"ba"la"kface="Times New Roman Star"go"belekkeface="Times New Roman Star"kelebekface="Times New Roman Star"k/eb/elakface="Times New Roman Star"go"belek
face="Times New Roman Star"gu"melekface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 291, EDT 689, ÝÑÒß 5, 13-15, Ëåêñèêà 187.
face="Times New Roman Star"*kerkiface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 adze, mattock 2 razorface="Times New Roman Star"1 êèðêà, ìîòûãà 2 áðèòâà
face="Times New Roman Star"kerki (MK) 1, kerej (MK) 2face="Times New Roman Star"kerki 1
face="Times New Roman Star"kerki (IM, AH) 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ke|ke|, ke|rke (dial.) 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ka"rki, kerki (dial.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"kerki 1

face="Times New Roman Star"kerki 1
face="Times New Roman Star"karú 'chisel'

face="Times New Roman Star"kerz?ek 'adze'
face="Times New Roman Star"kerki 1








face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 741, ÝÑÒß 5, 51-52 ( > Russ. êèðêà).
face="Times New Roman Star"*kes-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to cutface="Times New Roman Star"ðåçàòüface="Times New Roman Star"kes- (Yenis.)face="Times New Roman Star"kes- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"kes-face="Times New Roman Star"kis-face="Times New Roman Star"kes- (Abush.)face="Times New Roman Star"kes-face="Times New Roman Star"kes-
face="Times New Roman Star"ka"s-face="Times New Roman Star"kes-face="Times New Roman Star"kis-face="Times New Roman Star"kes-face="Times New Roman Star"kes-face="Times New Roman Star"ka"s-face="Times New Roman Star"kas-face="Times New Roman Star"kehe:-
face="Times New Roman Star"ke's-
face="Times New Roman Star"kes-face="Times New Roman Star"kes-
face="Times New Roman Star"kit|-face="Times New Roman Star"kes-



face="Times New Roman Star"kes-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 257, ÝÑÒß 5, 55-57, 58. Turk. *kesek > WMong. keseg 'piece, part' (TMN 3, 596, Clark 1980, 39, Ùåðáàê 1997, 127).
face="Times New Roman Star"*kes-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 ban, prohibition 2 to punish, accuse, fine 3 tired, smashed 4 to scoff 5 guilt, flaw 6 to appoint 7 obstinate 8 to speak roughly, be in one's way, hinder 9 to be hungry, in distressface="Times New Roman Star"1 çàïðåò 2 íàçíà÷àòü íàêàçàíèå, îáâèíÿòü, øòðàôîâàòü 3 óñòàëûé, ðàçáèòûé 4 èçäåâàòüñÿ 5 âèíà, íåäîñòàòîê 6 óñòàíàâëèâàòü, íàçíà÷àòü 7 óïðÿìûé 8 ãîâîðèòü ãðóáî, ìåøàòü, ïîäâîäèòü 9 ãîëîäàòü, èñïûòûâàòü íóæäóface="Times New Roman Star"kesetku" 1 (OUygh., Chin.-Uygh. Voc. - R)
face="Times New Roman Star"kes- 2, kesik 3, kesin- 4face="Times New Roman Star"kise|t- 2

face="Times New Roman Star"ke|s- 2, kesir 5
face="Times New Roman Star"ka"sir 5face="Times New Roman Star"kesgitle- 6, kesir 7, kes- 2



face="Times New Roman Star"kas- 8, kazúl- 9face="Times New Roman Star"kes 'forbidden', keset- 'to punish, give a lesson'
face="Times New Roman Star"ke'ze- 'to be punished, scared'
face="Times New Roman Star"kes- 2, kesir 5face="Times New Roman Star"kes- 2, keser 'contemptuous', 5
face="Times New Roman Star"kit|e|t- 'to warn'





face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 258.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ke:t-menface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"hoe, mattockface="Times New Roman Star"ìîòûãàface="Times New Roman Star"ketmen (OUigh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ketmen (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"gedmen
face="Times New Roman Star"ketmen (Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"ketmo|nface="Times New Roman Star"ka"tma"n
face="Times New Roman Star"ka"tma"nface="Times New Roman Star"ka":tmen



face="Times New Roman Star"katmak



face="Times New Roman Star"ketmen-

face="Times New Roman Star"ka"tma"n





face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 259, ÝÑÒß 3, 30-31, 5, 65-66, EDT 704. Usually derived from *ge:t- 'to notch' - but the semantic shift is not quite satisfactory, and the Oghuz languages (except Turkish with a secondary analogy) systematically distinguish *g- in 'notch' and *k- in 'hoe'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*gec?-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to pass, wadeface="Times New Roman Star"ïðîõîäèòü, ïåðåõîäèòü âáðîäface="Times New Roman Star"kec?- (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"kec?- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"gec?-face="Times New Roman Star"kic?-face="Times New Roman Star"ke/c?- (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"kec?-face="Times New Roman Star"ka"/ec?-face="Times New Roman Star"kes?-face="Times New Roman Star"kec?-face="Times New Roman Star"gec?-face="Times New Roman Star"kis-face="Times New Roman Star"kez?-ir- 'to ferry across the river'face="Times New Roman Star"kec?-face="Times New Roman Star"ka"c?-face="Times New Roman Star"kas/-face="Times New Roman Star"kes-
face="Times New Roman Star"ke's?-face="Times New Roman Star"ke's?-face="Times New Roman Star"kec?-
face="Times New Roman Star"kes?-face="Times New Roman Star"kic?-, kis-
face="Times New Roman Star"gec?-face="Times New Roman Star"kec?-face="Times New Roman Star"kes?-
face="Times New Roman Star"gec?-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 245, EDT 693-694, ÝÑÒß 3, 32-34, TMN 3, 584.
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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