| ▴ Proto-Turkic | ▴ Altaic etymology | ▴ Meaning | ▴ Russian meaning | ▴ Old Turkic | ▴ Karakhanid | ▴ Turkish | ▴ Tatar | ▴ Middle Turkic | ▴ Uzbek | ▴ Uighur | ▴ Sary-Yughur | ▴ Azerbaidzhan | ▴ Turkmen | ▴ Khakassian | ▴ Shor | ▴ Oyrat | ▴ Halaj | ▴ Chuvash | ▴ Yakut | ▴ Dolgan | ▴ Tuva | ▴ Tofalar | ▴ Kirghiz | ▴ Kazakh | ▴ Noghai | ▴ Bashkir | ▴ Balkar | ▴ Gagauz | ▴ Karaim | ▴ Karakalpak | ▴ Salar | ▴ Kumyk | ▴ Comments |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"*bol/ | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"free, empty | face="Times New Roman Star"свободный, пустой | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"bus? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? (Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"bu.s? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos, pos | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"pos | face="Times New Roman Star"pos | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"poz?ъ | face="Times New Roman Star"bosxo (*bos?-ka) | face="Times New Roman Star"bosko 'a little' | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"bo's? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos | face="Times New Roman Star"bos | face="Times New Roman Star"bus? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos?, bos | face="Times New Roman Star"bos | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"bos? | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 376, VEWT 82, ЭСТЯ 2, 203-204, Мудрак Дисс. 126, Федотов 1, 457, Stachowski 63. The Chuv. form has a regular reflex, presupposing a final vowel. Turk. *bol/a-n- > bos?an- > Mong. busani- 'become empty, poor' (KW 63); *bol/-u-g 'permission' > Mong. bos?ug| (Clark 1980, 41). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*bo":ru" | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"wolf | face="Times New Roman Star"волк | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ri (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ri (MK,KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ru" (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"bu"re | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ri (Sangl., Abush.) | face="Times New Roman Star"bo.ri | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ri | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ji, peri |
| face="Times New Roman Star"bo":ru" | face="Times New Roman Star"pu":r | face="Times New Roman Star"po"ru" (R) | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ru" | face="Times New Roman Star"bi:eri | face="Times New Roman Star"pir@ | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ro" | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ro" | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ru", dial. (Todzh.) bo"ru"k | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ru" | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ru" | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ri | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ri | face="Times New Roman Star"bu"re | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ru" |
| face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ru" | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ri | face="Times New Roman Star"pu"r/e (ССЯ) | face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ru" | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 356, VEWT 84, TMN 2, 333, ЭСТЯ 2, 219-221, Лексика 160, Stachowski 63. The hypothesis of the word being borrowed from an East Iranian source runs into difficulties, basically because of the lack of early attested forms with -k (only in Tuva dialects and the hypothetical Bulgar source of Russ. бирюк (cf. Аникин 128-129)). See also Аб. 1, 263 (isn't the East Iranian form itself < Turkic?) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*bulak | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"spring, well | face="Times New Roman Star"источник, колодец | face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq (KB, IM) | face="Times New Roman Star"bulak | face="Times New Roman Star"bolaq | face="Times New Roman Star"bulag| (Abush.), bulaq (Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"bulo|q | face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq | face="Times New Roman Star"bulaG | face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq | face="Times New Roman Star"pulux (R - Sag.) | face="Times New Roman Star"puluq (R) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"bula:G 'well; tear' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"bylaq | face="Times New Roman Star"bylaq (Рас. ФиЛ) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq | face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"bulaq | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 336, VEWT 87, ЭСТЯ 2, 257-258, TMN 2, 355. Cf. Kaz. bula- `to flow, gush forth'. Turk. > WMong. bulag|, Kalm. bul@g (KW 59; TMN ibid., Щербак 1997, 110), whence Evk. bulak (Doerfer MT 125). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?al- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to knock (down), hit, agitate 2 to whet 3 to slaughter 4 to mow 5 scythe 6 to sting, pierce 7 to sweep 8 to chop 9 a k. of broom 10 to sharpen, whet 11 whetstone 12 mowing, hay time 13 to trip 14 blade | face="Times New Roman Star"1 сбивать, ударять, бить, взбалтывать 2 точить 3 убивать, закалывать 4 косить 5 коса 6 жалить, закалывать 7 подметать 8 изрубить, отрубить 9 вид метлы, веник-голик 10 точить 11 оселок 12 покос 13 дать подножку 14 острие, лезвие | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1 (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?algy 9, c?algy orag|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 3, c?alg|y 5 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?alg|i u.ro|q 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?alg|a 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al(y)- 8 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 6, 7, c?alg|y 9 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 10, 7, 6, c?alGy 5, 11 | face="Times New Roman Star"sal- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?alg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?alg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"s/ol- 4, s/olъk 9 | face="Times New Roman Star"sa:lyn- 'to fall abruptly' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?aly- 10 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 3, c?alg|y 5, c?alg|yn 12 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 13, s?alg|y 5, s?alg|yn 12 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 1, 3, 4, s?alg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"saly- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 4, c?alqy 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?alym 14 | face="Times New Roman Star"cal- 1, 4, calqy, calg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 1, 3, 13, s?alg|y 5, s?alg|yn 12 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 4, c?alg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 97, EDT 417-418 , Егоров 206, Федотов 2, 132, 133. The difference in length between Turkm. and Yak. allows to suppose a merger of at least two roots, perhaps originally distinguished semantically and phonetically as *c?a:l- 'to knock down' (reflected in Yak., not reflected in Turkm.) - *c?al- 'to sharpen, whet' (reflected in Turkm., not reflected in Yak.). Since "Verba des Schlagens" are generally vague semantically, in most languages it is difficult to draw a line between them. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ap- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to beat, hit 2 to attack, rob 3 chisel 4 hack, hoe, hatchet 5 to chop 6 to scythe, mow 7 to dig 8 to break 9 sharp 10 scythe 11 to whet, sharpen (a scythe) 12 metal shavings after forging 13 trap 14 whetstone for sharpening scythes 15 to whip 16 to hack, adze 17 shavings 18 booty 19 currycomb | face="Times New Roman Star"1 бить, ударять 2 нападать, грабить 3 резец 4 мотыга, тяпка, сечка 5 рубить 6 косить 7 копать (кетменем) 8 разламывать 9 острый 10 коса 11 точить (косу) 12 обсечки металла при ковке 13 капкан 14 брусок для точки кос 15 хлестать 16 тесать 17 стружка 18 добыча, трофей 19 скребница |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 1 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 2, c?apla 3, c?apa 4, c?apak 12 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap/b- 5, 6, 1, c?apqy 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 5, 2 (Abush., Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o|p- 5, 7, c?o|pqi 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 5, 6, c?apqu 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a'p- 1, 5, 8 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 5, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 5, 2, c?apGy 4, c?apGyr 9 | face="Times New Roman Star"sap- 1, 5, 6, saxpy, sapxy 10 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ap- 1, 6, s?apqy 13 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 5, 6, c?apqy 10, 13 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s/up- 1, 11, s/opkas/ 14 | face="Times New Roman Star"saba:- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?ap- 1, 2, s?ap-ta- 15 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ap-ty 17, s?apty-la- 16 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap/b- 5, 7, 1, c?apqy 4, 10 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ap/b- 5, 6, 2, s?apqy 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ap/b- 5, s?apqy 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"sap/b- 6, 5, 1, sapqy 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ab- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?apanaq 18 | face="Times New Roman Star"cap- 1; c?ap- 1, 5, c?apa 19 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ap/b- 5, 6, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap-, c?a'- 1 (ССЯ) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 5, c?apg|y 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 99, EDT 394, Егоров 203, 219, Федотов 2, 85, 137-8, Ашм. XII, 247-249. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?(i)ak- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to strike fire 2 flint, fire steel | face="Times New Roman Star"1 высекать огонь 2 кремень, огниво | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- (MK) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ak- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- (Sangl.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqmaq-tas? 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a'q- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ax- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sax- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ag|yn 'spark' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqmaq 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"sax- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a'q- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?aqpa 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"sag|-/saq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|-/c?aq- 'to produce sparks, shoot from a flint gun' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?aq- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 'to pull the trigger', c?aqma 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 95, TMN 3, 80-81, Лексика 373. Kypch. > Chuv. c?akma 'fire steel', whence > Mari, Udm. (Федотов 2, 387). The verb is usually regarded as one of the meanings of *c?ak- 'hit, strike', but the semantics 'strike fire' is attested quite early and allows to use the Turkic material in the Altaic comparison. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?yg- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to tie up (a parcel) 2 to sew (with small stitches) 3 parcel, pack 4 knot 5 to tie in a knot | face="Times New Roman Star"1 увязывать (тюк, сверток) 2 шить (мелкими стежками), подшивать 3 узел (упаковка) 4 узел 5 завязать узлом |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?yg|- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?yky, c?ykyn 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ik 4 (Pav. C.), (OKypch) c?yq- 1 (AH) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ig- 5, c?igik 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ig-, c?ik- 5 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ig- 5, c?igin 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"syg|-la- 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?i-de- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"(ti:n u) c?yqyn 'small parcels in women's working room' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ije 4 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?yqy 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?ije 'tightly bound' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 405, VEWT 94. Forms apparently pointing to *c?yk- most probably reflect a contraction of the suffixed form *c?ygy-k-. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ykan(ak) | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"elbow, forearm | face="Times New Roman Star"локоть, предплечье |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"cyg|anaq (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|anaq (Sangl., CCum., AH) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?eka"na"k (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|a"jna"k | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ikenek |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?yg|anax | face="Times New Roman Star"s?yg|anaq | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|anaq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ike 'cubit' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?enek | face="Times New Roman Star"c?e'hene|k | face="Times New Roman Star"c?yqanaq | face="Times New Roman Star"s?yg|anaq 'bay' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?yg|anaq | face="Times New Roman Star"syg|anaq (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?yna |
| face="Times New Roman Star"cyg|anaq | face="Times New Roman Star"s?yg|anaq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 96, EDT 404, Егоров 325, Лексика 249. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?o"k- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to kneel down 2 to sink 3 to sit | face="Times New Roman Star"1 опускаться на колени 2 оседать, тонуть 3 присесть, сесть на корточки | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k- 2 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k- 1 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"k- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k- 1 (Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?u.k- 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k- 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?oGe- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k- 1, 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"k- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"go"-do"- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/ъk- 'to fall', s/ъw|g-ъw|n- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"su"gu"ru"j- 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k- 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"k/g- 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"k/g- 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"su"k/g- 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k/g- 1, 2, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k- 1, 2, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k-, cok- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"k/g- 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k-, c?o"x- 1 (ССЯ) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"k/g- 1, 2, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 117, TMN 3, 120-122, EDT 413-4, Егоров 205, Федотов 2, 90-91. Turk. > WMong. c?o"ku"(le)-, Kalm. c?o"kl- (KW 444; TMN 2, 121, Щербак 1997, 113). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?o:g | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"glowing heat, glowing coals | face="Times New Roman Star"жар, тлеющие уголья | face="Times New Roman Star"c?og| (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?og| (MK) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?og| (Vam.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?u.g| | face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq, c?og| | face="Times New Roman Star"c?og| |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?o:g | face="Times New Roman Star"sog| | face="Times New Roman Star"s?og| | face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"suos | face="Times New Roman Star"huos |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq | face="Times New Roman Star"s?oq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 113, 114, Лексика 366-367, EDT 405, Stachowski 113 (Yak. suos = Tur. c?ogas? 'sun heat'). Turk. > WMong. c?og|, Kalm. cog (KW 429, TMN 2, 119, Щербак 1997, 113). Mong. > Yak. c?ox. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?om- / *c?o"m- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to dive 2 to swim 3 to scoop 4 to immerse, dip 5 scoop | face="Times New Roman Star"1 погружаться, нырять 2 плавать, купаться 3 черпать 4 окунать 5 черпак, ковш | face="Times New Roman Star"c?om- = c?o"m- 1 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?om-, c?o"m- 1 (MK), c?o"mc?e 5 (MK Oghuz) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"mc?e 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?um- 1, c?u"mec? 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?om- 1 (Abush.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?u.m-(mo|q) 1, c?u.mic? 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?om-, c?om-ul- (pass.) 1, c?o"mu"c? 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?omys? 5 (ЯЖУ) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"mc?a" 5 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"som- 1,2, somnax 'spoon' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?om- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"m- 1, 4, c?omyjaq 'pannier made of birch bark' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ъw|m- 1 ( < Tat.?; c?ъm 'jar' may be < Pers., see Федотов 2, 401) | face="Times New Roman Star"som-us- 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?ym-yn- (refl.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?om- 1, s?omuq 'a small trough made of birch bark' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?omul-/c?o"mu"l- 1, 2, c?o"mu"- 1, c?o"mo"- 4, c?o"mu"c? 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?om-yl- (pass.) 1, 2, s?o"mis? 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?om-yl- (pass.) 1, 2, s?omaqa , s?o"mis? 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"sumy- 1, su"mes 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"mu"c? 5 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"(K) c?o"m- 1, (T) c?om- 1, 2, (H) com- 1, 'to flow'; (K) c?omyc?, (T) c?o"mu"c? 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?om-yl- (pass.) 1, 2, s?o"mis? 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?um- (c?o"m-) 1, 2 (ССЯ) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?om- 4, c?omuc? 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 115, TMN 3, 95-99, EDT 422, Егоров 319. Cf. also *c?amc?ak / -y- 'big spoon' (VEWT 98; < *c?om-c?ak?). Various forms meaning 'to squat' may belong here as well (cf.: Tur. c?o"mel-, Az. c?o"ma"l-, Gag. c?o"mel-, Turkm. c?ommal-, Tat. c?u"ma"s?-, Kaz. s?o"mej-, KBalk. c?o"mel- ('trip over'; cf. also c?o"mel-t- 'to turn over; dip someone into water'), with a secondary semantic development ('dip, dive' > 'fall or sit down, squat'); cf. similar semantic shifts in PT *c?o"k-. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ok- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to pray 2 to sacrifice 3 to baptize 4 to worship 5 bailment, pledge | face="Times New Roman Star"1 молиться 2 приносить жертву 3 креститься 4 поклоняться 5 порука, поручительство |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?uqyn- 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?o.qin- 3, 1 (disapprovingly), 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?oqun- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq et- 1 (ЯЖУ) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?oqun- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?og|yn- 1 (Sag.- R 2, 2014) | face="Times New Roman Star"s?oqta- 'to besprinkle idols with an exclmation s?oq!' R 4, 1024) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?og|yr- 2 (Lebed. R 3, 2014), c?oqto- 'to besprinkle idols with an exclamation c?oq!' (R 3, 2009) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/ъk 5 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?oqun- 3, 4 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?oqyn- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"suqyn- 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?oqyn- 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?oqun- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 113-114, Егоров 328, Федотов 2, 426-427. Ra"sa"nen's attempt to explain the verb as "baptism through immersion" (linking Kypch. c?oqur 'pit' and Taranchi c?oqur- 'to sink' (R 3, 2007) appears unconvincing. The former word is derived from c?ok- 'to delve', and the latter should be corrected to c?o"ku"r- according to more modern sources. The semantic transfer of a pagan ceremony to the Christian one seems quite natural in an islamicized society. The same root may be represented by the exclamation (made during a libation), Oyr. c?oq!, Shor s?oq!, and further - the approbatory exclamation Kirgh. c?ok!, Kaz. s?oq! etc. Quite unlikely is the hypothesis of a loan from Hebrew (Y. Malov, quoted in Федотов). In fact, the meaning in Chuv. ('pledge') and the external parallels suggest that the religious component in the meaning of *c?ok- is relatively late (having evolved after the separation of Bulgars): 'pledge' > 'sacrifice' > 'praying' > 'baptizing'. Turk. > Hung. cso"k 'sacrifice', see Gombocz 1912. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?o"l | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"steppe, desert | face="Times New Roman Star"степь, пустыня | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"lig 'name of a country' (Orkh.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l (Abush., Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?u.l | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l (ЯЖУ) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l | face="Times New Roman Star"so"l |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"l 'field, plaza' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"l 'steppe, desert' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l | face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"l | face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"l | face="Times New Roman Star"su"l 'desert' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l | face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"l |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"l | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 117, TMN 3, 122-123, EDT 420. Turk. > WMong. c?o"l 'desert' (because of uncertainty of OT c?o"lig doubted by Clark 1977, 135). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?Am | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 a backbiting man 2 to exact a fine 3 claim 4 reproach 5 to be offended 6 to be angry | face="Times New Roman Star"1 клеветник 2 штрафовать 3 претензия, рекламация (юрид.) 4 упрек 5 обижаться 6 сердиться | face="Times New Roman Star"c?am 3 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?amg|uq 1 (MK) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?am-la- 'to speak with disgust' (R, Pav. C.) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?`imig 'badly' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?am (dial., R) 4, c?am-da-l- (dial., R) 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ammal-tur- 'to look nervous, angry' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?am-da-n- 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?am 'that which causes offence', s?am-da-n- 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?am-la-n- 6 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?am 'joke, mockery', c?am-la-n- 6 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?am-la-n- 5, s?am-s?yl 'resentful, sensitive' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 421-422, 423, VEWT 98, D-T 97. At least part of the forms may ultimately have a Chinese source (MC z|.a".m 'slander'). Cf. also c?aman 'lazy horse, dog'; Tur. c?amura jat- 'to decline from paying a debt' (slang; lit. 'to lie down in dirt' - perhaps a reanalysis based on the analogy with c?amur 'dirt', cf. also c?amur (metaph.) 'low, humble'). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ec?ek | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 flower 2 chicken-pox | face="Times New Roman Star"1 цветок 2 оспа | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek (KB) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?e|c?e|k 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek (Sangl.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ak 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?a"k 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?/`uz?|/ug | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?a"k 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/es/ke 'цветок, листок' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 2; aq c?ec?ek 'a k. of tree', c?ec?ekej 'crystalline lens' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?es?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?es?ek 1, s?es?ekej 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"sa"sa"k 2, sa"ska" 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?ek, c?ec?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?es?ek 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?ex (ССЯ) 1, 'bud' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 102, EDT 400-401, Лексика 120. Turk. > Mong. c?ec?eg, see TMN 3, 57, Щербак 1997, 112. Kypch. > Chuv. c?ec?c?e, c?ec?ek (see Егоров 322, Федотов 2, 408-409); some Turkic forms (Tuva c?ec?ek, perhaps also Oyr. c?ec?ek and some of the Kypchak forms) may be borrowed back < Mong. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*dyrn|a-k | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"finger-nail, claw | face="Times New Roman Star"ноготь, коготь | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrn|aq (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrn|aq (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnak | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrn|aq/tyrn|ag| (Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"tirno|q | face="Times New Roman Star"tirnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"d@rmaq | face="Times New Roman Star"dyrnaG | face="Times New Roman Star"dyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrg|ax | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrg|aq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrGaq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"c?@rne | face="Times New Roman Star"tyn|yrax | face="Times New Roman Star"tyn|yrak | face="Times New Roman Star"dyrg|aq | face="Times New Roman Star"dyrg|aq 'comb' | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnax | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"z|yrna(:)x| | face="Times New Roman Star"tyrnaq | face="Times New Roman Star"Derived from PT *dyrn|a- 'to scratch, scrape'. See VEWT 465, 479, TMN 3, 200 (there are no reasons to postulate different roots here: we have obviously a case of a complicated behaviour of the medial -n|-); EDT 551, 549-50, ЭСТЯ III 345-349, Егоров 324, Дыбо 312, 323-325, Лексика 258, Stachowski 238. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*de:- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to say | face="Times New Roman Star"сказать, говорить | face="Times New Roman Star"te- (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"te- (MK, KB) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"di- | face="Times New Roman Star"di- (Abush.), te- (MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"da"- | face="Times New Roman Star"di- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"di:- | face="Times New Roman Star"t@- | face="Times New Roman Star"te- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"te- | face="Times New Roman Star"die- | face="Times New Roman Star"die- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"te- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"ti- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"dij- | face="Times New Roman Star"de- | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 467-8, EDT 433-4, ЭСТЯ 3, 221-224, Stachowski 79. Kypchak and some other languages preserve voiced d- due to the word's grammaticalized usage. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*dyl / *dil | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"tongue; language | face="Times New Roman Star"язык | face="Times New Roman Star"tyl (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"tyl (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"dil | face="Times New Roman Star"tel | face="Times New Roman Star"til (Abush., Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"dyl | face="Times New Roman Star"dil | face="Times New Roman Star"dil | face="Times New Roman Star"t@l | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"c?@lg|e; c?@l@x 'пищик в гармошке' | face="Times New Roman Star"tyl | face="Times New Roman Star"tyl | face="Times New Roman Star"dyl | face="Times New Roman Star"dyl, tyl | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"tel | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"dil/ | face="Times New Roman Star"tyl, til | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"cil | face="Times New Roman Star"til | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 478, EDT 489-90, ЭСТЯ 3, 228-229, Егоров 323, Лексика 227, Stachowski 237. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*di:l/ | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"tooth | face="Times New Roman Star"зуб | face="Times New Roman Star"tis? (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"tys? (MK), tis? (KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"dis? | face="Times New Roman Star"tes? | face="Times New Roman Star"tis? (MA, Abush., Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"tis? | face="Times New Roman Star"tis?, c?is? | face="Times New Roman Star"dys | face="Times New Roman Star"dis? | face="Times New Roman Star"di:s? | face="Times New Roman Star"t@s | face="Times New Roman Star"tis? | face="Times New Roman Star"dis? | face="Times New Roman Star"ti:s? |
| face="Times New Roman Star"ti:s | face="Times New Roman Star"ti:s | face="Times New Roman Star"dis? | face="Times New Roman Star"dis? | face="Times New Roman Star"tis? | face="Times New Roman Star"tis | face="Times New Roman Star"tis | face="Times New Roman Star"tes? | face="Times New Roman Star"tis? | face="Times New Roman Star"dis? | face="Times New Roman Star"tys? | face="Times New Roman Star"tis | face="Times New Roman Star"cis? | face="Times New Roman Star"tis? | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 481, EDT 557, 564-5, ЭСТЯ 3, 242-244, Лексика 228, Stachowski 224. Cf. also PT *di:l/-le- 'to bite'. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*di:r/ (*du":r/) | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"knee | face="Times New Roman Star"колено | face="Times New Roman Star"tiz (Orkh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"tizle- (MK) 'to press with one's knees' | face="Times New Roman Star"diz | face="Times New Roman Star"tez | face="Times New Roman Star"diz (Pav. C., MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"tiz | face="Times New Roman Star"tiz | face="Times New Roman Star"dyz | face="Times New Roman Star"diz | face="Times New Roman Star"dy:z | face="Times New Roman Star"t@zek | face="Times New Roman Star"tize (R., Верб.) | face="Times New Roman Star"tize | face="Times New Roman Star"ti:z | face="Times New Roman Star"c?@r-pus/s/i | face="Times New Roman Star"tu"hex |
| face="Times New Roman Star"diskek | face="Times New Roman Star"tiskek | face="Times New Roman Star"tize | face="Times New Roman Star"tize | face="Times New Roman Star"tiz | face="Times New Roman Star"ted| | face="Times New Roman Star"tiz | face="Times New Roman Star"dis/ | face="Times New Roman Star"tyz | face="Times New Roman Star"dize | face="Times New Roman Star"tu"zy, tizy | face="Times New Roman Star"tiz | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 482, EDT 570, ЭСТЯ 3, 336-337, Егоров 323, Лексика 284. |
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
