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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*byrak-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to let, to abandon 2 to send 3 to throwface="Times New Roman Star"1 áðîñàòü 2 ïîêèäàòü 3 ïîñûëàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"byraq-, byrag|- (IM) 1face="Times New Roman Star"byrak- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"byraq- (Pav. C.), (OKypch.) 1


face="Times New Roman Star"burax- 1, 2

face="Times New Roman Star"purqa- (R) 3face="Times New Roman Star"byrk-yra- 'to scatter, become scattered'
face="Times New Roman Star"púw|rax- 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"byrax- 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"byrak- 1, 3




face="Times New Roman Star"byraq-tyr- 'to throw out'

face="Times New Roman Star"byraq- (K) 1, 3

face="Times New Roman Star"burax- (dial.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 74, ÝÑÒß 2, 307-308, Åãîðîâ 148, Ôåäîòîâ I 399-400, Stachowski 71.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bur/- / *bor/-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to damage, destroyface="Times New Roman Star"ïðè÷èíÿòü âðåä, ðàçðóøàòüface="Times New Roman Star"buz- (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"buz- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"boz-face="Times New Roman Star"boz-face="Times New Roman Star"buz- (Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"buz-face="Times New Roman Star"buz-face="Times New Roman Star"puz-face="Times New Roman Star"poz-face="Times New Roman Star"boz-face="Times New Roman Star"pus-face="Times New Roman Star"puza-face="Times New Roman Star"bus-face="Times New Roman Star"puz- ( < Ogh.?)face="Times New Roman Star"púw|s-

face="Times New Roman Star"bus-
face="Times New Roman Star"buz-face="Times New Roman Star"buz-face="Times New Roman Star"buz-face="Times New Roman Star"bod|-face="Times New Roman Star"buz-face="Times New Roman Star"boz-face="Times New Roman Star"buz- (T,H,K)face="Times New Roman Star"buz-
face="Times New Roman Star"buz-face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 389, VEWT 91, TMN 2, 337, Ôåäîòîâ 1 404, Åãîðîâ 150, ÝÑÒß 7. -s- in Chuv. may be explained either as a loan from Kypch. or as a reflex of the old cluster -r/s- (Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 98).
face="Times New Roman Star"*bur/a-guface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"calfface="Times New Roman Star"òåëåíîêface="Times New Roman Star"buzag|u (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"buzag|u (MK, IM)face="Times New Roman Star"buzag|u; dial. buza- 'to bear a calf', Osm. buza-la- 'id.'face="Times New Roman Star"byzawface="Times New Roman Star"buzag|u, buzag|, buzaw (Sangl., MA, Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"buzo|qface="Times New Roman Star"mozaj
face="Times New Roman Star"byzovface="Times New Roman Star"buzawface="Times New Roman Star"pyzoface="Times New Roman Star"puza (R)face="Times New Roman Star"byza
face="Times New Roman Star"púw|ru

face="Times New Roman Star"byza:
face="Times New Roman Star"muzo:face="Times New Roman Star"buzauface="Times New Roman Star"buzawface="Times New Roman Star"byd|awface="Times New Roman Star"buzowface="Times New Roman Star"buza:face="Times New Roman Star"byzuv, buzuvface="Times New Roman Star"buzawface="Times New Roman Star"puzo, pu:zy (ÑÑß 457)face="Times New Roman Star"buzawface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 391, VEWT 74-5, ÝÑÒß 2, 239-242, Ëåêñèêà 438-439. Bulg. *bur@w|u > Hung. borju/, see MNyTESz 1, 345-346. The derivation from *bor/ 'grey' and assumption of borrowing Turk. *bur/agu > Mong. birag|u (Ùåðáàê 1997, 108) is hardly plausible.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"t-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to end, accomplish 2 to be ended 3 to create, build 4 to heal 5 to grow, ripenface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîí÷àòü, çàâåðøàòü 2 êîí÷àòüñÿ 3 ñîçäàâàòü, ñòðîèòü 4 çàæèâàòü 5 âûðàñòàòü, âûçðåâàòüface="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2, 4, 5 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2, 4, 5 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bet- 2, bet-e|s?- 4face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2, 4, 5 (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"pyt-, put- 1,2face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"pu"t- 3, 4face="Times New Roman Star"pu"d-u"r- 3face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1,2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"'t- 2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"bu"'t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1,2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bo"t- 2, bo"t-o"s?- 4face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5; 'to close'face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5face="Times New Roman Star"pit- 2, 4, 5
face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 93, TMN 2, 267, EDT 298-9, 306, ÝÑÒß 2, 152-154, 302-303, Stachowski 68. Cf. also PT *bu"tu"n 'all, whole' - a derivative from *bu"t-. Turk. > Mong. *bu"te-, *bu"tu"- (KW 69-70, TMN 2, 268-269, Ùåðáàê 1997, 111).
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"k-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to bow, bend 2 to curve, bend, wrap smth.face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñãèáàòüñÿ, êëàíÿòüñÿ 2 ñãèáàòü, ñêëàäûâàòü, ñâåðòûâàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bo"g- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 1 (Sangl. Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"buk- 2face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV) 2
face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 'a bend, flexion'; bu"gu"le:- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 'to wrap'
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k/g- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"bo"go"- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"g-u"l- 1 (K)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"po"x- 2 (ÑÑß 454)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 324, VEWT 91-92, ÝÑÒß 2, 290-293.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"kface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 wood, forest 2 hill 3 meadow 4 valley between mountainsface="Times New Roman Star"1 ëåñ 2 õîëì 3 ëóã 4 äîëèíà ìåæäó ãîð
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 'bushes, underwood', bu"ktir 'rocky mountain top' (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 'thicket at the waterside'face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k (dial.) 3, pu"kte|r 'snow-drift' (ÊÑÒÒ)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 1 (Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 'thick (wood, garden)'


face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k 3face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k 3face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 4



face="Times New Roman Star"bu"'k 4
face="Times New Roman Star"bo"k 2, bo"kto"r 'foot-hills'face="Times New Roman Star"bo"kter 'steep hill'







face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 91, EDT 324, 325, ÝÑÒß 2, 291, Ëåêñèêà 94.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"ru"-, *bu"r-ke-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to cover upface="Times New Roman Star"ïîêðûâàòü, çàêðûâàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"n- 'to be covered' (MK, KB), bu"rkek 'cloudy', bu"rku"r- 'to become cloudy' (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"- (also of clouds), bu"rge, bu"rgu" 'kerchief, thin curtain'face="Times New Roman Star"bo"rke|-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke- (MA, Abush., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"burka-face="Times New Roman Star"pu"(r)ka"-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"re-face="Times New Roman Star"pu"rge-face="Times New Roman Star"pu"rge-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke-
face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|rke-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"j-; bu"rku"j- 'to become cloudy'face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"j-; bu"rku"k 'cloudy'face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rge- (also of clouds)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rhu"-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rko"-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke-face="Times New Roman Star"bo"rka"-n- 'to be covered', bo"rko"u" 'stifling'
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke- (also of clouds)face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 363, 367, ÄÒÑ 133, VEWT 92, ÝÑÒß 2, 296-298, Stachowski 68. The form in -ke- is an intensive and can hardly be regarded as a mongolism.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"t-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to believe 2 sign, tokenface="Times New Roman Star"1 âåðèòü 2 çíàê
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1 (MK, KB)

face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1 (Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"pu"t- 1 (dial.)



face="Times New Roman Star"pu"t- 1face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1

face="Times New Roman Star"bit 2












face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 93, EDT 298-299 (together with bu"t- 'finish'), ÝÑÒß 2, 279-280.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bo"gu"r, *bo"grekface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"kidney(s)face="Times New Roman Star"ïî÷êèface="Times New Roman Star"bo"gu"r (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"bo"gu"r (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bo"jrek, bo"brekface="Times New Roman Star"bu"jer, bu">ji>ra"kface="Times New Roman Star"bo"grek (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"bujrakface="Times New Roman Star"bo"ra"k
face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ju"r, bo"jra"kface="Times New Roman Star"bevrek, bo"vrekface="Times New Roman Star"pu"gu"rek, pu"rekface="Times New Roman Star"pu":rekface="Times New Roman Star"bo"ro"k
face="Times New Roman Star"pu"reface="Times New Roman Star"bu"o"r
face="Times New Roman Star"bu":rekface="Times New Roman Star"bo":rekface="Times New Roman Star"bo"jro"kface="Times New Roman Star"bu"ji>r, bu"jrekface="Times New Roman Star"bu"jrekface="Times New Roman Star"bu">ju">rface="Times New Roman Star"bo"rekface="Times New Roman Star"bu":r, bo":rek, bu":rekface="Times New Roman Star"bo"grek, bivrekface="Times New Roman Star"bu"jir, bu"jrek
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"jrekface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 328, VEWT 83, TMN 2, 353, ÝÑÒß 2, 205-207, Ëåêñèêà 278, Stachowski 68.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kap-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 cover (n.) 2 gate, door 3 to closeface="Times New Roman Star"1 êðûøêà 2 âîðîòà, äâåðü 3 çàêðûâàòüface="Times New Roman Star"qapag|, qapyg| (Orkh., OUygh.) 2, qapg|y (Orkh.) 2, qapaq (OUygh.) 1, qap- 3face="Times New Roman Star"qapug| (MK, KB), qapg|aq (MK) 1, qapug| (MK) 2face="Times New Roman Star"kapak 1, kapy 2, kapa- 3, kap- 3face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qapqaq 1, qapqa 2, qapla- 3face="Times New Roman Star"qabag| (Qutb.) 1, qapu (Houts., Pav. C.) 2, qabug| (Qutb.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"qo|pe|qo|q 1, qo|pqe| 2, qo|ple|- 3face="Times New Roman Star"qap(q)aq 1, dial. qobug| 2, qapla- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"GapaG 1, Gapy 2, Gapa- 3face="Times New Roman Star"Gapaq 1, Gapy 2, dial. Gap- 3face="Times New Roman Star"xaxpax 1face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"xobú 1, xop(la)- 3face="Times New Roman Star"xappax 1face="Times New Roman Star"kappakta:- 'to cover'face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qapqaq 1, qapqa 2face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1, qapy 2, qaqpa 2face="Times New Roman Star"qapaq 1, qapy 2, qap(l)a- 3face="Times New Roman Star"qapqa 2, qapla- 3

face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1, qapy 2, qaqpa 2face="Times New Roman Star"qa:vu 2 (ÑÑß)face="Times New Roman Star"qapu 2, qabaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 203, TMN 3, 369, ÝÑÒß 5, 160, 263-264, 274-275, Ëåêñèêà 510, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 358-359, Stachowski 138 (there is also a variant *Ka:p- - due to merger with another root *Ka:p-, v. sub *k[a:]p`a/; the meaning 'cover' here is probably secondary). Turk. > Mong. qabqag| 'cover' (whence Evk. kapkak, see Doerfer MT 125), qabqa 'gate', see TMN 3, 371, 415, Hung. kapu 'gate', see Gombocz 1912.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kiabface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"tree fungus; dry grassface="Times New Roman Star"äðåâåñíûé ãðèá; ñóõàÿ òðàâàface="Times New Roman Star"qavag|u (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qav (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kavface="Times New Roman Star"qaw, dial. quface="Times New Roman Star"qov (Ettuhf.), qav (AH, Houts.)face="Times New Roman Star"qo|w

face="Times New Roman Star"Gowface="Times New Roman Star"Govface="Times New Roman Star"xaboface="Times New Roman Star"qaba:face="Times New Roman Star"qu:
face="Times New Roman Star"Cf. ju"lege 'ðÿñêà', ju"z/@ 'áîëîòî (ò.å. íå÷òî ñ ðÿñêîé')'face="Times New Roman Star"kya
face="Times New Roman Star"xag|
face="Times New Roman Star"qu:face="Times New Roman Star"quwface="Times New Roman Star"quwface="Times New Roman Star"qyw




face="Times New Roman Star"quwface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 579, 584, TMN 3, 532-533, ÝÑÒß 5, 169-170, 6, 8-9.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:pface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 caul 2 virgin's hymen 3 scrotum 4 bladder 5 afterbirthface="Times New Roman Star"1 îáîëî÷êà ïëîäà 2 äåâñòâåííàÿ ïëåâà 3 ìîøîíêà 4 ïóçûðü 5 ïîñëåä
face="Times New Roman Star"qap (MK) 1, qapaq (MK) 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qapc?yq 3, 4






face="Times New Roman Star"qabyc?aq 1face="Times New Roman Star"qapc?yq 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pc?ek 5

face="Times New Roman Star"xapc?yq 3










face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 578, 583; ÝÑÒß 5, 266-267 (the root should be probably distinguished from the homonymous *Ka:p 'sack, cover' q. v. sub *k[a:]p`a/).
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:pukface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 bark (n.) 2 shellface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîðà 2 ñêîðëóïà
face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq (Tefs.) 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"kabuk 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qapuq 1 (MA, AH)face="Times New Roman Star"qo|biq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qobuq (R, o-t) 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"GabyG 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:byG 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"xabyx (Kach.) 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"xobú 1, 2

face="Times New Roman Star"xavyq 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabuq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qap, qaby 1, 2 'external cover, covering'face="Times New Roman Star"qabux 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qabuq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 234, TMN 3, 368-9, ÝÑÒß 5, 168, Ëåêñèêà 107, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 358.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Katar-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to turn (a horse) back, preventing it from going; to turn (the enemy) back 2 to drive, pursue 3 to pasture 4 to keep watch 5 to waitface="Times New Roman Star"1 ïîâîðà÷èâàòü (ëîøàäü) âñïÿòü; îáðàùàòü âðàãà â áåãñòâî 2 ãíàòü, ïðåñëåäîâàòü 3 ïàñòè 4 íàáëþäàòü 5 æäàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"qatar- (MK) 1face="Times New Roman Star"katarla-, katala- (dial.) 2






face="Times New Roman Star"xadar- 3,4,5face="Times New Roman Star"qadar- 3,4,5face="Times New Roman Star"qadar- 3,4,5



face="Times New Roman Star"qadar- 3,4,5










face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 604, ÝÑÒß 5, 337.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.tface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"hardface="Times New Roman Star"òâåðäûéface="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (MK, KB, IM)face="Times New Roman Star"kat (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"qatyface="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (MA)face="Times New Roman Star"qo|tiqface="Times New Roman Star"qetiq
face="Times New Roman Star"Gatyface="Times New Roman Star"Gat, Gatyface="Times New Roman Star"xatyg|face="Times New Roman Star"qadyg|face="Times New Roman Star"qatu:
face="Times New Roman Star"xydúface="Times New Roman Star"kyta:naxface="Times New Roman Star"kyta:nakface="Times New Roman Star"qa'dyg|
face="Times New Roman Star"qatu:face="Times New Roman Star"qattyface="Times New Roman Star"qatface="Times New Roman Star"qaty


face="Times New Roman Star"qatty
face="Times New Roman Star"qatyface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 597-598, VEWT 241, ÝÑÒß 5, 334-335, Stachowski 170. Yak. xat-, Dolg. kat- 'to dry up' (Stachowski 140) < Mong. qata- id. Khak. xatyg| also probably has -t- under Mong. influence.
face="Times New Roman Star"*K(i)ajaface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 rock 2 mountain 3 slopeface="Times New Roman Star"1 ñêàëà 2 ãîðà 3 ñêëîíface="Times New Roman Star"qaja (Orkh., OUygh.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaja (MK, KB) 1face="Times New Roman Star"kaja 1face="Times New Roman Star"qyja 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaja (Houts., AH, Ettuhf., Pav. C.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"qo|je| 1face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qija 1
face="Times New Roman Star"Gaja 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"dial. Ga:ja, Gaja 1face="Times New Roman Star"xaja 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1

face="Times New Roman Star"xaja 2face="Times New Roman Star"kaja 2face="Times New Roman Star"xaja 1face="Times New Roman Star"xaja 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1, qyja 3 ('oblique slope' - through contamination with *kyj- 'oblique')
face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qyja 1

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 221, TMN 3, 565, EDT 674-5, ÝÑÒß 5, 198-199, Ëåêñèêà 96, Stachowski 133.
face="Times New Roman Star"*KAjyrface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"castoreum, the odorous secretion of the beaverface="Times New Roman Star"ìóñêóñ, ïàõó÷èå âûäåëåíèÿ áîáðàface="Times New Roman Star"qajyr (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qunduz qajyry (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"Sib. qajyrface="Times New Roman Star"qajyr (Sangl.)




face="Times New Roman Star"xajyrface="Times New Roman Star"qajyr
















face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 222, EDT 678-679.
face="Times New Roman Star"*KAjface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 shaman spirit 2 throat singingface="Times New Roman Star"1 øàìàíñêèé äóõ 2 ãîðëîâîå ïåíèå






face="Times New Roman Star"qaj 1

face="Times New Roman Star"xaj 2face="Times New Roman Star"qajla- 2face="Times New Roman Star"qajla- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"> Mari xoj 'Gespra"ch'













face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 221. If the original meaning is 'air movement' (cf. the external evidence), cf. also Chuv. ku" 'strong odour'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*K(i)alface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"wild, roughface="Times New Roman Star"äèêèé, ãðóáûéface="Times New Roman Star"qal (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qal (KB)

face="Times New Roman Star"qal (CCum.)



face="Times New Roman Star"Galdavface="Times New Roman Star"xalface="Times New Roman Star"qalface="Times New Roman Star"qal

face="Times New Roman Star"xal
face="Times New Roman Star"xal-mal




face="Times New Roman Star"qaltaq




face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 614, VEWT 224, ÄÒÑ 410.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kia:l-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to stay behind, remainface="Times New Roman Star"îñòàâàòüñÿface="Times New Roman Star"qal- (Orkh., OUygh., Yenis.)face="Times New Roman Star"qal- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"kal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal- (Sangl., Qutb., Houts., AH, IM, MA, Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"qo|l-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-
face="Times New Roman Star"Gal-face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:l-face="Times New Roman Star"xal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-
face="Times New Roman Star"jol-face="Times New Roman Star"xa:l-face="Times New Roman Star"ka:l-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-face="Times New Roman Star"qal-

face="Times New Roman Star"qal-
face="Times New Roman Star"qal-face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 615-616, VEWT 224, ÝÑÒß 5, 226-227, Åãîðîâ 347, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 483, Stachowski 142.
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,tur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