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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*e:.rface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 early 2 early in the morning 3 tomorrow 4 (morning sun) > sunny mountain slopeface="Times New Roman Star"1 ðàíî 2 ðàíî óòðîì 3 çàâòðà 4 (óòðåííåå ñîëíöå) > ñîëíå÷íûé ñêëîí ãîðûface="Times New Roman Star"[ir ? er 4, er-kenin,] erte 2 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"erte 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"er, erte 2face="Times New Roman Star"irta" 2face="Times New Roman Star"er 1 (Áóä.), erte 2 (Abush., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"erta 2face="Times New Roman Star"a"(r)ta" 'morning'face="Times New Roman Star"erte 2face="Times New Roman Star"erta" 2face="Times New Roman Star"i:r 1, erte 2face="Times New Roman Star"irte 'morning'
face="Times New Roman Star"erte 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ir 3face="Times New Roman Star"erde 1face="Times New Roman Star"erc?in 1face="Times New Roman Star"erte 2
face="Times New Roman Star"erte 2face="Times New Roman Star"erte 2face="Times New Roman Star"erte 2face="Times New Roman Star"irta" 2face="Times New Roman Star"ertte 2face="Times New Roman Star"ierte 'next day'face="Times New Roman Star"erte 2face="Times New Roman Star"erte 2
face="Times New Roman Star"erta" 2face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 202-203, VEWT 46, ÝÑÒß 1, 302-306, 369-370, Åãîðîâ 70, Ëåêñèêà 79, Stachowski 47.
face="Times New Roman Star"*e:l/-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to spin, twistface="Times New Roman Star"âèòü, ñó÷èòü, ïëåñòè


face="Times New Roman Star"is?-face="Times New Roman Star"es?- (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"es?-face="Times New Roman Star"a"s?-
face="Times New Roman Star"es?-face="Times New Roman Star"i:s?-






face="Times New Roman Star"es?-
face="Times New Roman Star"es?-face="Times New Roman Star"es-
face="Times New Roman Star"is?-face="Times New Roman Star"es?-
face="Times New Roman Star"es?-face="Times New Roman Star"es-
face="Times New Roman Star"es?-face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 1, 396.
face="Times New Roman Star"*e:l/-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to dig 2 to tear, rip open 3 to row 4 to swim 5 to throw awayface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïàòü 2 ðâàòü 3 ãðåñòè 4 ïëàâàòü 5 âûêèäûâàòü

face="Times New Roman Star"es?- 1face="Times New Roman Star"is?- 2face="Times New Roman Star"es?- 1 (Abush.)


face="Times New Roman Star"es?- 2face="Times New Roman Star"ijs?-gek `oar'face="Times New Roman Star"is- 3

face="Times New Roman Star"ha"s?u"-face="Times New Roman Star"alt- 1face="Times New Roman Star"es-, is- 5
face="Times New Roman Star"es?ti- 4, es?- 3face="Times New Roman Star"es?-, e'hit- 3face="Times New Roman Star"es?- 1








face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 51, EDT 255-6, ÝÑÒß 1, 315-316, Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 95. Chuv. is?- 'to row; to swim; to demolish, tear' is evidently borrowed from Tat. (as opposed to the genuine al-t- ). Khal. h- is unclear here (external evidence clearly points to *0-).
face="Times New Roman Star"*e:l/u"-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to cover 2 (door) curtain > doorface="Times New Roman Star"1 ïîêðûâàòü 2 (äâåðíîé) çàíàâåñ > äâåðü
face="Times New Roman Star"es?u"- 1, es?ik / es?u"k 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"es?ik 2face="Times New Roman Star"is?i>k 2face="Times New Roman Star"is?ik 2 (AH, IM), is?u"k (IM), es?ik 2 (Abush., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"es?ik 2

face="Times New Roman Star"es?ik 2face="Times New Roman Star"i:s?ik 2face="Times New Roman Star"i:zi>k, i>zi>k 2face="Times New Roman Star"ez?ik 2face="Times New Roman Star"ez?ik 2face="Times New Roman Star"e:^.s?u"k 2face="Times New Roman Star"algú, alúk 2

face="Times New Roman Star"ez?ik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"es?ik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"esik 2face="Times New Roman Star"is?i>k 2face="Times New Roman Star"es?ik 2face="Times New Roman Star"jes?ik 2face="Times New Roman Star"es?ik 2face="Times New Roman Star"esik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"es?ik 2face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 256, 260, TMN 2, 183-184, Åãîðîâ 24, ÝÑÒß 1, 396-398, Ëåêñèêà 511-512, 517.
face="Times New Roman Star"*e.l/it-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to hearface="Times New Roman Star"ñëûøàòüface="Times New Roman Star"es?id- (Orkh.), es?it- (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"es?it- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"is?it-face="Times New Roman Star"is?et-; dial. (Mishar) is?- 'hear' (ÒÒÄÑ 156), (Bar.) is?e|n- 'listen' (ßÁÒ 140)face="Times New Roman Star"es?it- (Abush. 63)face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-face="Times New Roman Star"es?et- (Kashg., ÓÍÑ 109)
face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-, pass. es?idil-face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-, pass. es?idil-face="Times New Roman Star"is- / ist-

face="Times New Roman Star"is?u"t-face="Times New Roman Star"ilt-face="Times New Roman Star"ihit-, pass. ihilin-face="Times New Roman Star"ihit-, pass. ihilin-

face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-face="Times New Roman Star"est-face="Times New Roman Star"esit-face="Times New Roman Star"is?et-face="Times New Roman Star"es?t-face="Times New Roman Star"is?it-face="Times New Roman Star"s?it-face="Times New Roman Star"esit-face="Times New Roman Star"is?ti-face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 51, EDT 257-8, ÝÑÒß 1, 318-319, Åãîðîâ 69, Stachowski 123. Note -d- in Runic and the voicing of -t before a vowel in Az. and Turkm. Khak. has two forms of stem (is- and iste-, morphonologically distributed, so that is- < iste-; the same historical process could have occurred with. Ku"a"r. a"s?-, Kach. es?- (R 1, 905); so the only clear evidence for the stem *el/- are Tatar dialectal reflexes (in which case -t may be a causative suffix, see Bang 1925, Zaja,czkowski 1932). Shor este- 'to hear', estel- 'to be heard' do not belong here, being derived from *es > is 'mind, memory', like Mod. Uygh. an|la- 'to hear' < an| 'mind'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*el/gekface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"donkeyface="Times New Roman Star"îñåëface="Times New Roman Star"es?gek (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"es?gek, es?jek (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"es?ekface="Times New Roman Star"is?a"kface="Times New Roman Star"es?ek (Áîð. Áàä., Abush., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"es?a"kface="Times New Roman Star"es?a"k
face="Times New Roman Star"es?s?a"kface="Times New Roman Star"es?ek

face="Times New Roman Star"es?tek
face="Times New Roman Star"az?ak



face="Times New Roman Star"es?ekface="Times New Roman Star"esekface="Times New Roman Star"es?ekface="Times New Roman Star"is?a"kface="Times New Roman Star"es?ekface="Times New Roman Star"ies?ekface="Times New Roman Star"es?ekface="Times New Roman Star"es?ek
face="Times New Roman Star"es?ekface="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 1, 317-318, TMN 2, 65, EDT 260.
face="Times New Roman Star"*e:t-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to organize, to makeface="Times New Roman Star"óñòðàèâàòü, äåëàòüface="Times New Roman Star"et- (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"et- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"it-face="Times New Roman Star"et- (Abush., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"et-, a"t-face="Times New Roman Star"et-, jet-, it-face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"i:deg 'keeping' ('ïðèñìîòð'), et-face="Times New Roman Star"it-
face="Times New Roman Star"et-
face="Times New Roman Star"at-

face="Times New Roman Star"et-
face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"it-face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"et-
face="Times New Roman Star"et-face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 36-37, ÝÑÒß 1, 312-313, Äûáî Äèññ. 56, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 67. Shortness in Turkm. et- is no doubt secondary: cf. the derivative i:deg, and also regular intervocalic voicing -t- > -d- in all Oghuz languages (pointing to original length), see EDT ibid.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Karface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 arm 2 forearm 3 shin-bone of animal 4 various measures of lengthface="Times New Roman Star"1 ðóêà (âåðõíÿÿ ÷àñòü) 2 ïðåäïëå÷üå 3 ãîëåííàÿ êîñòü æèâîòíîãî 4 ðàçëè÷íûå ìåðû äëèíûface="Times New Roman Star"qar 1, qary 2 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qary (MK) 1face="Times New Roman Star"karu-z?|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1, qara 4 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"qar 1 (Vam.), qary 1 (Abush.), 2 (Houts.), 4 (in all sources)face="Times New Roman Star"qari 1,4, qara 3 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"qeri 4, qaja 3 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"qar 2face="Times New Roman Star"gari 3 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"Gary 3,4
face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1face="Times New Roman Star"qary 4face="Times New Roman Star"xor 2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"xary, xara 2, 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qyry 2face="Times New Roman Star"qyry 2face="Times New Roman Star"qar 1, qary 1face="Times New Roman Star"qar 2, qary 2, 3face="Times New Roman Star"qary 4face="Times New Roman Star"qar 3face="Times New Roman Star"qary 4

face="Times New Roman Star"qar 2, qary 2, 4

face="Times New Roman Star"TMN 3, 461-2, ÝÑÒß 5, 278-283, Äûáî 160-164, Äûáî 1989, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 361, Ëåêñèêà 246-247. The usage of *Kary as a measure ('cubit') may seem natural, but in fact reflects a merger with a different root, see under *K(i)aryl/. Turk. > Hung. kar 'arm', see Ligeti 1933, MNyTESz 2, 369.
face="Times New Roman Star"*K[a]r/gukface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"pole, pegface="Times New Roman Star"ïàëêà, êîëûøåêface="Times New Roman Star"qazg|uq (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qazn|uq (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kazykface="Times New Roman Star"qazyqface="Times New Roman Star"qazuq (Áîð. Áàä., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"qo|ziqface="Times New Roman Star"qozuqface="Times New Roman Star"quzuqface="Times New Roman Star"gazyx (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"GazyG

face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq
face="Times New Roman Star"*karuH > Hung. karo/ (see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 2, 387).




face="Times New Roman Star"qazyqface="Times New Roman Star"qazyqface="Times New Roman Star"qad|a- 'to stick into', qad|aq, qad|yq 'nail'face="Times New Roman Star"qazyqface="Times New Roman Star"qazyqface="Times New Roman Star"qazyqface="Times New Roman Star"qazyq
face="Times New Roman Star"qazyqface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 682 (derivation from *Kar/- 'dig' is highly dubious, although the vocalism could have been influenced by the verbal root), VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 190-191. Because of its consonant the Bashk. form belongs rather here than to PT *Ka:ta- (v. sub *ka:/jta).
face="Times New Roman Star"*gEbreface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 corpse 2 to die (of animals)face="Times New Roman Star"1 òðóï 2 äîõíóòü (î æèâîòíûõ)
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"vre 'carrion' (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"geber-, (dial.) gevre- 2




face="Times New Roman Star"ga"ba"r- 2face="Times New Roman Star"go"vre 1

face="Times New Roman Star"qavraj- 'èñòëåâàòü, òëåòü' (Àøì. 6, 19) (?)










face="Times New Roman Star"geber- 2face="Times New Roman Star"geber- 2


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 244, EDT 690, ÝÑÒß 3, 36. The root is confused here with *ge:p- 'to swell (of belly), become pregnant' (with which it indeed contaminates in Oghuz languages).
face="Times New Roman Star"*ge:p-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to swell, swollen (of belly) 2 to become pregnant, pregnant 3 to be arrogant, inflatedface="Times New Roman Star"1 ïóõíóòü (î æèâîòå) 2 áåðåìåíåòü, áåðåìåííàÿ 3 ÷âàíèòüñÿ, âàæíè÷àòü

face="Times New Roman Star"gebe 2face="Times New Roman Star"k@p@r-, k@pr@j- 3face="Times New Roman Star"gebe 2 (Pav. C.)


face="Times New Roman Star"ga"biz `constipation'face="Times New Roman Star"ga":be 1



face="Times New Roman Star"kabar 'insatiable, gluttonous'face="Times New Roman Star"kiebir- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"xever- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"kebez?|e, keber 1face="Times New Roman Star"kebez?e 1
face="Times New Roman Star"k@p@j- 1, k@pr@j- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"gebe 2
face="Times New Roman Star"kep-, gebez?e 1

face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 3, 36. The root is partially confused (and contaminated) with *gebre- 'to die, corpse' (v. sub *ka>pi).
face="Times New Roman Star"*[k]Ebr/eface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"shoulderbladeface="Times New Roman Star"ëîïàòêà

face="Times New Roman Star"kebze 'shoulderblade, augury'face="Times New Roman Star"ke|wse| 'tree stem'face="Times New Roman Star"kebze 'shoulder' (Sangl.)


face="Times New Roman Star"ga"bza" 'handle'face="Times New Roman Star"kebze









face="Times New Roman Star"kebze, ko"wzo" (R)
face="Times New Roman Star"ke|wd|e| 'body'
face="Times New Roman Star"kebze
face="Times New Roman Star"kebze 'breast'

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 245, EDT 905, Ëåêñèêà 242-243. The quality of the initial velar is not quite clear: the Az. form perhaps preserves an archaism, while other Oghuz forms may be kypchakisms; otherwise its Altaic connections become more dubious. KKalp. keps?e 'shoulderblade' quoted in VEWT means in reality 'a small shovel' (Russ. ëîïàòêà), from Pers. kapc?a = Osm. kepc?e 'ein grosser Lo"ffel' (VEWT 254).
face="Times New Roman Star"*ge:kir-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to belchface="Times New Roman Star"ðûãàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"kekir- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"gejir-face="Times New Roman Star"kiker-face="Times New Roman Star"gegir- (Pav. C.), kekir- (MA)face="Times New Roman Star"kekir-face="Times New Roman Star"keki(r)-face="Times New Roman Star"kekirt- (ßÆÓ)face="Times New Roman Star"ga"jir-face="Times New Roman Star"ga":gir-face="Times New Roman Star"kig@r-
face="Times New Roman Star"kegir-face="Times New Roman Star"ga":gu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"kagúr-face="Times New Roman Star"kegert-
face="Times New Roman Star"keg|ir-face="Times New Roman Star"keg|ir-face="Times New Roman Star"kekir-face="Times New Roman Star"kekir-face="Times New Roman Star"kekir-face="Times New Roman Star"kiker-face="Times New Roman Star"kekir-face="Times New Roman Star"gi:r-face="Times New Roman Star"kekir-face="Times New Roman Star"kekir-
face="Times New Roman Star"kekir-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 248, EDT 712, ÝÑÒß 3, 37, Ëåêñèêà 232.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ge.l-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to comeface="Times New Roman Star"ïðèõîäèòüface="Times New Roman Star"kel- (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"kel- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"gel-face="Times New Roman Star"kil-face="Times New Roman Star"ke.l- (Abush., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"ka"l-/kil-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"ga"l-face="Times New Roman Star"gel-face="Times New Roman Star"kil-face="Times New Roman Star"kel- (R)face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"ka"l-face="Times New Roman Star"kil-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"kil-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"gel-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"kel-face="Times New Roman Star"gel-, gej-face="Times New Roman Star"gel-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 248; EDT 715, ÝÑÒß 3, 14-16, 31-32, Stachowski 143. The Chuv. and Yak. vowels correspond irregularly.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ge.linface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"bride, daughter-in-lawface="Times New Roman Star"íåâåñòà, íåâåñòêàface="Times New Roman Star"kelin|-u"n (Orkh., Coll.), kelin (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"kelin (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"gelinface="Times New Roman Star"kilenface="Times New Roman Star"kelin (Sangl., Pav. C., Áîð. Áàä.)face="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"kelin (Malov)face="Times New Roman Star"ga"linface="Times New Roman Star"gelinface="Times New Roman Star"kil@nface="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"ka"lin (ga"lin < Az.)face="Times New Roman Star"kin, kil@n-face="Times New Roman Star"kiji:t (*plur.)
face="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"helin, henni-face="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"kilenface="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"gelinface="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"kelinface="Times New Roman Star"kein, kiin (ÑÑß)face="Times New Roman Star"gelinface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 248, EDT 719, ÝÑÒß 3, 16-18, Ëåêñèêà 302.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ge:.miface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"boatface="Times New Roman Star"ëîäêàface="Times New Roman Star"kemi (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"kemi (MK, IM)face="Times New Roman Star"gemiface="Times New Roman Star"kime|face="Times New Roman Star"keme (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"kemaface="Times New Roman Star"kema"
face="Times New Roman Star"ga"miface="Times New Roman Star"ga":miface="Times New Roman Star"kimeface="Times New Roman Star"kebeface="Times New Roman Star"keme
face="Times New Roman Star"kim@

face="Times New Roman Star"xeme
face="Times New Roman Star"kemeface="Times New Roman Star"kemeface="Times New Roman Star"kemeface="Times New Roman Star"ka"ma"face="Times New Roman Star"kemeface="Times New Roman Star"gemiface="Times New Roman Star"gemiface="Times New Roman Star"kemeface="Times New Roman Star"kimo"face="Times New Roman Star"gemeface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 251, TMN 3, 668-669, EDT 721-722, ÝÑÒß 3, 37-38. Turk. > Mong. keme (Ùåðáàê 1997, 126).
face="Times New Roman Star"*gEmu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to gnawface="Times New Roman Star"ãðûçòü, ãëîäàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"kemu"r- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"gemir-, kemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kimer-face="Times New Roman Star"ko"mu"r- (Sangl., Abush.)face="Times New Roman Star"kemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kemi(r)-
face="Times New Roman Star"ga"mir-face="Times New Roman Star"gemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kim@r-
face="Times New Roman Star"kemir-

face="Times New Roman Star"ko"mu"ru"o" 'spongy bone'
face="Times New Roman Star"xemir-face="Times New Roman Star"xemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kimer-face="Times New Roman Star"kemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kemir-face="Times New Roman Star"kemir-
face="Times New Roman Star"gemir-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 251, EDT 723, ÝÑÒß 3, 18-19, Ëåêñèêà 262.
face="Times New Roman Star"*gE:neface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"tick, name of different parasitesface="Times New Roman Star"êëåù, íàçâ. ðàçëè÷íûõ ïàðàçèòîâ

face="Times New Roman Star"gene, kene

face="Times New Roman Star"kana

face="Times New Roman Star"ga"na"face="Times New Roman Star"ga":na"









face="Times New Roman Star"kena"




face="Times New Roman Star"kene

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 251, TMN 3, 615-616, ÝÑÒß 5, 63-64, Ëåêñèêà 183. Voiced *g- and front row vocalism speaks against the theory of Turk. being < Pers. kana (although some forms like Khalaj kana and Turkm. dial. ka":na" may have been influenced by the Persian word - which itself has so far no Iranian etymology and must be regarded as a Turkic loanword).
face="Times New Roman Star"*gEneface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"again, also, howeverface="Times New Roman Star"ñíîâà, òàêæå, îäíàêî
face="Times New Roman Star"kene (MKypch.)face="Times New Roman Star"gene




face="Times New Roman Star"ga"na"



















face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 4, 115.
face="Times New Roman Star"*gen|e-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to advise 2 adviceface="Times New Roman Star"1 ñîâåòîâàòü(ñÿ) 2 ñîâåòface="Times New Roman Star"ken|es? 2, ken|es?- 1 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ken|e- 'to settle one's affairs with someone' (MK, KB), kenes? 2, ken|es?- 1 (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"genges?- 1 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"kin|a"s? 2face="Times New Roman Star"ken|es? 2, ken|es?- 1 (Abush., Sangl.)
face="Times New Roman Star"ka"n|a"s?- 1 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"ken|es- 1, ken|is 2face="Times New Roman Star"ga"na"s?- 1 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"gen|es?- 1, gen|es? 2

face="Times New Roman Star"ken|es?- 1 (Âåðá.)
face="Times New Roman Star"kanas? 2, kanas?-la- 1



face="Times New Roman Star"ken|es? 2, ken|es?- 1face="Times New Roman Star"ken|es 2, ken|es- 1face="Times New Roman Star"ken|es 2face="Times New Roman Star"ka"n|a"s? 2face="Times New Roman Star"kenges? 'counsel'
face="Times New Roman Star"kenes, kenes? 2, kenes?- 1face="Times New Roman Star"ken|es 2, ken|es- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"genges? 'counsel'face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 253, EDT 727, 734, ÝÑÒß 3, 21-22, TMN 3, 613-614.
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