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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu:c?-gak, -makface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"(outer) corner, angleface="Times New Roman Star"внешний угол
face="Times New Roman Star"buc?g|aq (MK) 'region of the world, corner'face="Times New Roman Star"buz?|akface="Times New Roman Star"poc?maqface="Times New Roman Star"buz?|aq (Sangl.)


face="Times New Roman Star"buz?|ag|face="Times New Roman Star"bu:z?|aq 'lower ends of a winebag'



face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|s/mex








face="Times New Roman Star"buz?|aqface="Times New Roman Star"buc?aq, buc?qaq


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 85, ЭСТЯ 2, 282-283. Despite EDT 294 and Clark 1980, 38, not derived < *byc?- 'cut' (because of semantic and phonetic - vowel length and vowel quality - differences).
face="Times New Roman Star"*bo"gu"face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"wizardface="Times New Roman Star"мудрец, колдунface="Times New Roman Star"bo"gu" (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"bo"gu" (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ju"
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"gu" (Pav. C.)


















face="Times New Roman Star"bu":



face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 324, VEWT 83, ЭСТЯ 2, 293-294. Turk. > Mong. bo"g|e id., see TMN 1, 234. Turk. > Hung. bu? 'witchcraft' (< *bu"g|u"), see Gombocz 1912.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"k-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to bow, bend 2 to curve, bend, wrap smth.face="Times New Roman Star"1 сгибаться, кланяться 2 сгибать, складывать, свертывать
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bo"g- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 1 (Sangl. Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"buk- 2face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV) 2
face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 'a bend, flexion'; bu"gu"le:- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 'to wrap'
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k/g- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"bo"go"- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"g-u"l- 1 (K)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"po"x- 2 (ССЯ 454)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k- (-gV-) 2face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 324, VEWT 91-92, ЭСТЯ 2, 290-293.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"kface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 wood, forest 2 hill 3 meadow 4 valley between mountainsface="Times New Roman Star"1 лес 2 холм 3 луг 4 долина между гор
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 'bushes, underwood', bu"ktir 'rocky mountain top' (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 'thicket at the waterside'face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k (dial.) 3, pu"kte|r 'snow-drift' (КСТТ)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 1 (Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 'thick (wood, garden)'


face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k 3face="Times New Roman Star"pu"k 3face="Times New Roman Star"bu"k 4



face="Times New Roman Star"bu"'k 4
face="Times New Roman Star"bo"k 2, bo"kto"r 'foot-hills'face="Times New Roman Star"bo"kter 'steep hill'







face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 91, EDT 324, 325, ЭСТЯ 2, 291, Лексика 94.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"r/- / *bu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to wrinkleface="Times New Roman Star"морщиться
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"r- (MK, KB), bu"z- (IM)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"r- (dial.), bu"z-face="Times New Roman Star"bo"r-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"r- (Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"buris?-face="Times New Roman Star"pu"(r)-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"z-, bu"ru"s?-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"r-, bu"z-face="Times New Roman Star"pu"r-


face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|r-



face="Times New Roman Star"bu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"r-face="Times New Roman Star"bo"r-

face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"s?-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"r-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"s?-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 92, EDT 355, ЭСТЯ 2, 294-296 (contaminates with *bu"r- 'to cover'). Егоров 157, Федотов 1, 421.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"rc?e / *bu"rgeface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"fleaface="Times New Roman Star"блоха
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rge (MK, IM)face="Times New Roman Star"pireface="Times New Roman Star"bo"rc?e|face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rge (MA, Pav. C., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"burgaface="Times New Roman Star"bu"rga"
face="Times New Roman Star"pira"face="Times New Roman Star"bu"re



face="Times New Roman Star"pъw|rz/a



face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rgo"face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rge, bu"rs?e (dial.), burs?a (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rs?eface="Times New Roman Star"bo"rsa"face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rc?eface="Times New Roman Star"pireface="Times New Roman Star"bu"rc?eface="Times New Roman Star"bu"rge
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rc?eface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 362, VEWT 92, ЭСТЯ 2, 298-299, Лексика 182-183. The Kypch. form *bu"rc?e is a diminutive.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"ru"-, *bu"r-ke-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to cover upface="Times New Roman Star"покрывать, закрывать
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"n- 'to be covered' (MK, KB), bu"rkek 'cloudy', bu"rku"r- 'to become cloudy' (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"- (also of clouds), bu"rge, bu"rgu" 'kerchief, thin curtain'face="Times New Roman Star"bo"rke|-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke- (MA, Abush., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"burka-face="Times New Roman Star"pu"(r)ka"-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"re-face="Times New Roman Star"pu"rge-face="Times New Roman Star"pu"rge-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke-
face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|rke-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"j-; bu"rku"j- 'to become cloudy'face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"j-; bu"rku"k 'cloudy'face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rge- (also of clouds)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rhu"-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rko"-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke-face="Times New Roman Star"bo"rka"-n- 'to be covered', bo"rko"u" 'stifling'
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"ru"-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rke- (also of clouds)face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 363, 367, ДТС 133, VEWT 92, ЭСТЯ 2, 296-298, Stachowski 68. The form in -ke- is an intensive and can hardly be regarded as a mongolism.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"rku"tface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 aquila fulva 2 eagleface="Times New Roman Star"1 беркут 2 орел


face="Times New Roman Star"bu">rki>t 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rku"t (Бор. Бад., Abush., Pav. C.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"burgut 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rku"t 1, 2

face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rgu"t 1, 2

face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rku"t, mu"rku"t 1
face="Times New Roman Star"p@rg@t 1

face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rgu"t 1
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rku"t 1face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rki>t 1
face="Times New Roman Star"bu">rku">t 2


face="Times New Roman Star"bu"rkit 1

face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 2, 300, Лексика 169, TMN 2, 331-333. Turk. > Mong. bu"rgu"d 'eagle', Russ. беркут. As suggested in ЭСТЯ the original stem may have been *bu"r- (preserved in Kaz., KKalp. bu"r- 'to grasp prey (of an eagle)').
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"t-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to believe 2 sign, tokenface="Times New Roman Star"1 верить 2 знак
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1 (MK, KB)

face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1 (Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"pu"t- 1 (dial.)



face="Times New Roman Star"pu"t- 1face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1

face="Times New Roman Star"bit 2












face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 93, EDT 298-299 (together with bu"t- 'finish'), ЭСТЯ 2, 279-280.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"t-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to end, accomplish 2 to be ended 3 to create, build 4 to heal 5 to grow, ripenface="Times New Roman Star"1 кончать, завершать 2 кончаться 3 создавать, строить 4 заживать 5 вырастать, вызреватьface="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2, 4, 5 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2, 4, 5 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bet- 2, bet-e|s?- 4face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2, 4, 5 (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"pyt-, put- 1,2face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"pu"t- 3, 4face="Times New Roman Star"pu"d-u"r- 3face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1,2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"'t- 2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"bu"'t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1,2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bo"t- 2, bo"t-o"s?- 4face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5; 'to close'face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5face="Times New Roman Star"pit- 2, 4, 5
face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 93, TMN 2, 267, EDT 298-9, 306, ЭСТЯ 2, 152-154, 302-303, Stachowski 68. Cf. also PT *bu"tu"n 'all, whole' - a derivative from *bu"t-. Turk. > Mong. *bu"te-, *bu"tu"- (KW 69-70, TMN 2, 268-269, Щербак 1997, 111).
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"t-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to heal (of a wound)face="Times New Roman Star"заживать (о ране)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"bet-a"s?-face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"bit-


face="Times New Roman Star"bit-; bitik 'scar, cicatrice'face="Times New Roman Star"pu"t-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t-

face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"'t-
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t-face="Times New Roman Star"bit-face="Times New Roman Star"bit-face="Times New Roman Star"bo"t-o"s?-


face="Times New Roman Star"pit-

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 299 (sub *bu"t- 'finish'), ЭСТЯ 2, 154-155. Cf. also Chuv. pytc?a 'гнойный лишай'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ak-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to bind, fetters, harnessface="Times New Roman Star"связывать, оковы, упряжь

face="Times New Roman Star"c?akyl- 'to be bound, fastened' (of yoke animals), c?ag|an 'camel fetters'
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|an 'camel fetters'






face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqy 'stick for binding horses'










face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqyldaq 'rope harness'



face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 94, 96 (but Oyr. c?aky is regarded as borrowed < Mong. c?aqu, on which see *c?`ak`V).
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ykan(ak)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"elbow, forearmface="Times New Roman Star"локоть, предплечье


face="Times New Roman Star"cyg|anaq (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|anaq (Sangl., CCum., AH)face="Times New Roman Star"c?eka"na"k (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"z?|a"jna"kface="Times New Roman Star"c?ikenek

face="Times New Roman Star"c?yg|anaxface="Times New Roman Star"s?yg|anaqface="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|anaq
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ike 'cubit'

face="Times New Roman Star"s?enekface="Times New Roman Star"c?e'hene|kface="Times New Roman Star"c?yqanaqface="Times New Roman Star"s?yg|anaq 'bay'face="Times New Roman Star"s?yg|anaqface="Times New Roman Star"syg|anaq (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"c?yna
face="Times New Roman Star"cyg|anaqface="Times New Roman Star"s?yg|anaq

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 96, EDT 404, Егоров 325, Лексика 249.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?a:jface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 small river 2 sand, pebbles 3 flood, freshet 4 shallowface="Times New Roman Star"1 речка 2 песок, галька 3 половодье, наводнение 4 мелководный

face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj 1, c?eke 2


face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?a:j 1, c?a":ge 2
face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajyq 3face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj-r-am 4

face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj 2 (?)





face="Times New Roman Star"saj 'a river weed' (?)face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj (in the hydronym qarac?aj)




face="Times New Roman Star"The word is poorly attested (almost only in some modern Oghuz languages and Chag., see VEWT 95, Лексика 94; the Yakut parallel is phonetically unclear - borrowed from Tuva or Altai?). Turk. *c?a:j-ka (Turkm. c?a":ge, Chag. c?eke) > Kalm. ceke|: (KW 426). The forms (despite semantic difference) may have an Iranian origin: Pers. (Pekhl.) c?a:h 'well, spring' < *c?a:t|a > Av. c?a:ta, Kurd. c?a:l, Bel. c?a:t, Osset. c?ad 'lake', Wakhi c?ot 'pond' (Horn 97, Аб. 1, 285, 329, Расторгуева 1990, 191, ЭСВЯ 130); a certain Persian loan is Khal. c?a: 'Brunnen, Grube'. Osset. c?'aj 'well' is regarded by Abaev as a borrowing from Pers. through Georgian (c?.a 'well'). The relationship to the verbal stem c?a:j- 'to swill' (ОСНЯ 3, 59-60) ( < 'wash water off from the surface'?) is yet to be determined.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?Ad(b)anface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"scorpionface="Times New Roman Star"скорпион
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ad|an (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajan, c?yjan 'сколопендра'face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajan, (R, Буд. - Kas.) c?ejban 'millipede'face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajan, c?yjan (Abush., Sangl.), c?iban (R - Calc. Wb., Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajo|nface="Times New Roman Star"c?ajan

face="Times New Roman Star"c?aja:n








face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajanface="Times New Roman Star"s?ajanface="Times New Roman Star"s?ajanface="Times New Roman Star"sajan


face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajan

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 94, EDT 403, Лексика 64, 184-185. Turk. > Kalm. caj@ `crayfish' (?), see Щербак 1997, 111.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?Aj-na-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to chew 2 to biteface="Times New Roman Star"1 жевать 2 кусать

face="Times New Roman Star"c?ig|ne-, c?ejne- 1 (R)face="Times New Roman Star"c?e|jne|- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1 (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ejna"- 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?ejne- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1



face="Times New Roman Star"dajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"sa"jna"- 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?i:ne- 1face="Times New Roman Star"cajna-, c?ajna-, c?ejne- 1face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajna- 2face="Times New Roman Star"c?ene-, c?a"ina"- 1 (ССЯ)face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 95, Рас. ФиЛ 168. Forms with t- in some Siberian languages are rather enigmatic.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?A:lface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"grey, grey-headedface="Times New Roman Star"серый, седой
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"c?alface="Times New Roman Star"c?al 'grey hair'face="Times New Roman Star"c?al 'having grey hair amid black hair' (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"c?o|l 'old man'

face="Times New Roman Star"c?alface="Times New Roman Star"c?a:lface="Times New Roman Star"c?al
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al

face="Times New Roman Star"sa:lyr 'light-bay (horse); pepper-and-salt (hair)'


face="Times New Roman Star"c?alface="Times New Roman Star"s?al 'old man'face="Times New Roman Star"s?alface="Times New Roman Star"salface="Times New Roman Star"c?al
face="Times New Roman Star"c?alface="Times New Roman Star"s?al
face="Times New Roman Star"c?alface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 417, VEWT 96, TMN 2, 31, Аникин 640. Turk. > WMong. c?al, Kalm. cal, Khalkha cal bu:ral 'grey-haired, roan'; Russ. чалый.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?(i)aly-(gan)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 bush, shrub 2 nettle 3 thornface="Times New Roman Star"1 куст 2 крапива 3 колючка

face="Times New Roman Star"c?aly 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?alag|an 2 (R - Vam.)face="Times New Roman Star"c?alo|w 'ковыль волосистый'

face="Times New Roman Star"c?aly 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?aly 'солянка кустарниковая'
face="Times New Roman Star"s?alg|yn, (R) s?alg|anaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"c?alqanc?aq 2face="Times New Roman Star"c?alu 'eine Pflanze zum Verbrennen'




face="Times New Roman Star"c?alqan 2



face="Times New Roman Star"c?aly 'blackthorn; thorn'



face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 97, Лексика 110. Clauson (EDT 420) relates here OT (МК) c?alqan 'spread of an injury' which is not quite probable (rather a derivative from the polysemic c?al-).
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?(i)al-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 turban 2 noose, lasso 3 to plait, wrap 4 to bind by throwing the rope 5 to become entangled 6 to entangle 7 band, strap 8 to bind around, wrap around 9 to plaitface="Times New Roman Star"1 тюрбан 2 аркан, лассо 3 заплетать, заворачивать 4 связывать захлестом, наметывать 5 заплетаться 6 запутать 7 тесьма, завязка 8 обвязывать, обматывать 9 плести

face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 4, c?alma 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1, 'flask fastened to the saddle' (Pav. C., Sangl.), 'apron' (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"c?al-(mo|q) 4, c?alma 1; band, facingface="Times New Roman Star"c?al-ma-s?- 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1, c?al- 3, c?als?yq 'entangled (of a rope)'face="Times New Roman Star"salba (Sag.) 'лычко для метания камней'
face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 2, dial. (Leb.) c?aly- 6



face="Times New Roman Star"s?alba 2face="Times New Roman Star"s?alys?qaq 'criss-crossing'face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 4, c?alg|yc? 7, c?alma 2face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 8face="Times New Roman Star"s?alma 1, s?aluw 7face="Times New Roman Star"saly- 8, salma 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1, c?al- 9, c?alman 'wattle'face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 8, c?alma 1face="Times New Roman Star"cal- 8, calma 1, calman 'wattle'face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 8
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 9, c?alma 1face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 420, VEWT 97, Лексика 395. Turk. > Mong. c?alma, salma 'lasso', see TMN 4, 316-317, Щербак 1997, 163 (although the meaning 'lasso' is not widely spread in Turkic, Doerfer suggests that it may have been the original, pre-Islamic, meaning of the derivative *c?al-ma). Note Chuv. c?ъw|lg|a- 'to entangle' - usually derived as a loanword < Tat. c?ulg|a- < PT *c?og-la-, but in this case one would rather expect c?ulg|a- - so the Chuv. form may actually reflect PT *c?ial-. The root is attested late, but does not seem to be borrowed, or a specialized development of *c?al- 'hit, chop' (as suggested in TMN).
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?Amface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 pine tree 2 fir-needleface="Times New Roman Star"1 сосна 2 хвоя

face="Times New Roman Star"c?am 1, c?am japrag|y 2
face="Times New Roman Star"c?am ag|ac? 1 (Pav. C.)


face="Times New Roman Star"s?am 1
face="Times New Roman Star"sabal 2face="Times New Roman Star"s?abal 2











face="Times New Roman Star"c?am 1face="Times New Roman Star"c?am, cam 1


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 97. Dmitrieva (Дмитриева 1979, 205) derives the Oghuz word for 'fir-tree' from Arab. s?am 'candle', which is dubious phonetically and unlikely because of the Khak. and Shor forms (pointing to *c?amal); more probably an original Turkic root, although localized.
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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