face="Times New Roman Star"ko"mu"ldu"ru"k (Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"go"mu"ldu"ru"k
face="Times New Roman Star"ho"mu"ndu"ru"k
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"mo"ldu"ru"k
face="Times New Roman Star"ku"m@ld@r@k
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 289, EDT 723, ÝÑÒß 3, 71-72, Ëåêñèêà 552-553. Turk. > Mong. ko"mu"ldu"rge (Ùåðáàê 1977, 128). Forms like Uygh. o"mu"ldu"ru"k, Bashk. u"melderek (see ÝÑÒß 1, 530, Ëåêñèêà 553) may be derived from the same stem, under an influence of *o"mgen 'upper part of breast' q. v. sub *emo; a separate etymology see, however, under *p`o\me.
face="Times New Roman Star"1 punishment, fine, guilt 2 to punish 3 cruelty, tyranny 4 to condemn 5 hard, difficult 6 to torture 7 insult, offence 8 to offend 9 harm, torture 10 sin 11 to annoy, anger 12 to beat
face="Times New Roman Star"qy:n 5, qy:na- 'to make difficult, torture'
face="Times New Roman Star"xyjyx 7, xyjal 9
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjal 9, 10, qyjyq-ta- 8, qyjnag| 9 (*qyn/-lag|)
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qyjna- 6, qyjal 10, dial. (Áàñê. Òóáà) qyj- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"x@n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ky:nn/a:-, kyjaxa:- 11, kyj- 'to pain, ache'
face="Times New Roman Star"kyjn|a- 11, kyj- 'to kill'
face="Times New Roman Star"xyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjyt- 'to make difficult, troublesome', qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6, qynz?-yl- 'to be distressed'
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qejin 1, qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 264. EDT 631, ÝÑÒß 6, 218-219, Stachowski 168. Turk. *Ky:jna- > MMong. qina- 'to torture' (Ùåðáàê 1997, 165). Nasalless forms (like Yak. kyjaxa:- etc.) may result from a reanalysis of the form *Ky:jn as *Kyjyn, interpreted as a deverbative noun. Turk. > Hung. ki/n 'torture, suffering' (Gombocz 1912).
face="Times New Roman Star"qat (Houts., AH, IM, MA)
face="Times New Roman Star"qo|t, dial. qe|t
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"Gat
face="Times New Roman Star"Gat
face="Times New Roman Star"xat
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"xut
face="Times New Roman Star"xat 'double, X times'
face="Times New Roman Star"kat 'X times'
face="Times New Roman Star"qa't
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 241, ÝÑÒß 5, 335-336, TMN 3, 419, Stachowski 140, Àøì. XVI, 250-255, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 371-372. The original meaning must have been "one of two layers" - as witnessed by the Yak. meaning and by external evidence.
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 242, ÝÑÒß 5, 339-340, TMN 3, No 1395. The Turkic form may well be borrowed < Iran., cf. Saka khad.ara- 'mule'. Here -d.- points to *rd, cf. Sogd. g|rtr'k < *xarataraka 'mule' (for a quite similar compound cf. Pers. astar 'mule' < *assa-tara 'horse from one side' (Bailey 70). Doerfer is concerned about lack of length in Turkic, but length is likewise lacking in Saka and other Iranian forms. The only phonetic difficulty is the Turkic reflex -t-, because Saka d. in the Saka-Uygh. glossary (14th c.) renders Turkic -r-. In one obvious Saka loan the Saka -d.- is indeed rendered as -r-: cu:d.a:m. 'stadium' (Av. c?ar@tu-) > OT (Hap. by MK) c?ura:m 'a shot with a light far-flying arrow. However, if 'mule' is borrowed, it is hardly a Xinjiang loanword but rather a Common Turkic, and perhaps from another Iranian language (Sogdian?).
face="Times New Roman Star"very, of course, emphatic adverb
face="Times New Roman Star"î÷åíü, óñèëèòåëüíîå íàðå÷èå
face="Times New Roman Star"idi (Orkh., OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"id|i (KB); id|rig 'anything hard' (MK - Argu)
face="Times New Roman Star"eje
face="Times New Roman Star"@ze
face="Times New Roman Star"eze
face="Times New Roman Star"ara
face="Times New Roman Star"iti
face="Times New Roman Star"ide
face="Times New Roman Star"iji
face="Times New Roman Star"ije
face="Times New Roman Star"eje
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 41, 65, ÝÑÒß 1, 335. Tat., Chuv. ije 'yes', erroneously related here in ÝÑÒß, have different connections, cf. Khak. ja 'yes', Tof. ijen, ijne, MTurk. Xwar., Kypch., Osm. inen|, inen (EDT 42); the Kypchak forms above, because of the merger of *-d- and *-j-, can have either origin.
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 31. A local Siberian word; should be kept distinct from *a.t(ky)- 'pinch, pinchful, handful' (q. v. sub *p`a>/t`a\(-kV)).
face="Times New Roman Star"2 wild onion 3 onion-like edible plant
face="Times New Roman Star"1 âèä ãðèáêà 2 ñúåäîáíîå ðàñòåíèå, ïîõîæåå íà ëóê
face="Times New Roman Star"java 2(?) (OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"java (MK) 'al-t.urt_u:t_' [Bib.-Kaz.: 'a reddish edible plant', Belot: 'a medicinal grass', Lane: 'cynomorium']; 'a plant the juice of which is used to colour noodles'.
face="Times New Roman Star"juwa 2
face="Times New Roman Star"juwa, Sib. juwa 2
face="Times New Roman Star"jawa OKypch (Houts.) 2, 'leek'
face="Times New Roman Star"juva 2
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ama 'mountain garlic'
face="Times New Roman Star"c?a:t 'cudbear, lichen'
face="Times New Roman Star"c?a:t 'horse-tail'
face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ua 2
face="Times New Roman Star"z?uwa 2
face="Times New Roman Star"juwa 2
face="Times New Roman Star"jywa 2
face="Times New Roman Star"z?uwa 2
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 871-872, ÝÑÒß 4, 240. The OUygh. word is attested in a Buddhist text describing blossoming spring plants: o"zlerdeki o"zeklerdeki java c?igidem "the java and the crocuses in valleys and ravines"; so, despite Clauson 414, this is certainly not a mushroom; probably some onion-like plant (ãóñèíûé ëóê?).
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 924, VEWT 183, ÝÑÒß 4, 14-15. Note that modern Kypch. and Sib. forms meaning 'lazy, be lazy' (jalqy-, z?|alqy-) do not belong here but are rather borrowed < Mong. z?|alka- having a quite different origin (see under *z?|el/o). On the other hand, cf. the common Turkic derivative *jal-ta-, perhaps reflected in the above Yak. form, as well as in Turkm. jalta, Shor c?altak, Khak. c?alty 'lazy', Tur. jaltak 'bootlicker' etc. (see ÝÑÒß 4, 101-102).
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 927, 928, VEWT 203, TMN 2, 214, ÝÑÒß 4, 265, Ëåêñèêà 263. Turkm. and Uzb. dialectal ju"lu"k 'marrow' may reflect a contamination with *ju"lu"k / *juluk 'juice' q. v. sub *dilu.
