| ▴ Proto-Turkic | ▴ Altaic etymology | ▴ Meaning | ▴ Russian meaning | ▴ Old Turkic | ▴ Karakhanid | ▴ Turkish | ▴ Tatar | ▴ Middle Turkic | ▴ Uzbek | ▴ Uighur | ▴ Sary-Yughur | ▴ Azerbaidzhan | ▴ Turkmen | ▴ Khakassian | ▴ Shor | ▴ Oyrat | ▴ Halaj | ▴ Chuvash | ▴ Yakut | ▴ Dolgan | ▴ Tuva | ▴ Tofalar | ▴ Kirghiz | ▴ Kazakh | ▴ Noghai | ▴ Bashkir | ▴ Balkar | ▴ Gagauz | ▴ Karaim | ▴ Karakalpak | ▴ Salar | ▴ Kumyk | ▴ Comments |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"*s(i)ac? | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 hair (of head) 2 hair 3 hair (on back of head) 4 root | face="Times New Roman Star"1 волос (головы) 2 волос 3 волос (на затылке) 4 корень | face="Times New Roman Star"sac? 1 (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"sac? 1 (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"sac? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?e|c? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"saz?|, sac? 1 (Pav. C., Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"so|c? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ac? 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"sac? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sac? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sas 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?as? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ac? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sa:c? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s/u"s/ 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"as 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"as 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a's? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?e's? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ac? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?as? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?as? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sa"s 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ac? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sac? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sac? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?as? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sac? 1; sac?yx| 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ac? 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 391, EDT 794, Лексика 197, ЭСТЯ 7, Stachowski 38. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*sac?uk | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"fringe, handkerchief with a fringe | face="Times New Roman Star"бахрома, платок с бахромой |
| face="Times New Roman Star"sac?u (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"sac?ak | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ac?aq | face="Times New Roman Star"sac?aq (Pav. C., Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"sac?o.q |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"sac?aG | face="Times New Roman Star"sac?aq 'a k. of table-cloth' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ac?aq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"sac?aq 'hand towel' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?as?aq | face="Times New Roman Star"s?as?aq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ac?aq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"sac?aq | face="Times New Roman Star"s?as?aq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ac?aq | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 392, EDT 795, 796. Turk. *sac?ak > WMong. sac?ag|, c?ac?ag|, Kalm. cac@g (KW 423). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?akyr | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"light grey, greyish blue | face="Times New Roman Star"светло-серый, серовато-голубой |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqyr (MK, Tefs.) (of eyes) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?akyr | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|yr (of eyes) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqyr (Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|ir-qano|t 'a white-eyed dunbird, нырок белоглазый' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?eqir (of eyes) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqyr 'dried in the sun, bleached' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqyr 'yellow' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ekir 'grey (of eyes), wall-eye' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ag|yr 'grey (of eyes, horses)', s?egir 'grey (of eyes)' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ag|yr 'colourless (of eyes)' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ag|yr 'whitish' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|yr 'variegated' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqyr |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?egir (of eyes) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 96, TMN 2, 77, EDT 409, Федотов 2 387. Despite Fedotov c?okur 'variegated' is not related, it is < Mong. c?obkur (v. sub *s?op`e/). Despite Ra"sa"nen borrowed from Mong. can be only Yak. c?akyr 'white (of a horse)' (cf. also Dolg. c?akyr, see Stachowski 72), and perhaps the front-row forms (Kirgh. c?ekir, Kaz. s?egir, KKalp. s?egir - because of their restriction to the Kypch. area); but Mong.. c?akir / c?ekir 'whitish' is itself an obvious Turkism (see TMN ibid., Clark 1977, 134 with doubts). The root should be distinguished from nasalized forms: Oyr. c?an|qyr, Chuv. senker, Yak. c?en|gir, z?|en|gir, Kirgh. c?enkil, c?an|yl with the same set of meanings ('whitish, blue', often of eyes) = Mong. (Khalkha) cenxer id.; those should be compared with Tokh. A, B tsem. 'blue (of eyes)', Pers. zanga:r 'verdigris', whence Tat. za"n|ga"r (from Pers. zang 'rust', further derived with *za:'to leave, remain', Sak. ysa:ya" 'rust', Osset. zga", see Bailey 348-349). This is most probably an Iranian loanword in Turkic, Tokh. and Mong. (although a Chinese origin - cf. MC  chien| 'blue' - is also possible). Cf. VEWT 104 (Turk. < Mong.), 531. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?(i)ak- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to strike fire 2 flint, fire steel | face="Times New Roman Star"1 высекать огонь 2 кремень, огниво | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- (MK) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ak- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- (Sangl.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqmaq-tas? 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a'q- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ax- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sax- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ag|yn 'spark' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aqmaq 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"sax- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a'q- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?aqpa 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"sag|-/saq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|-/c?aq- 'to produce sparks, shoot from a flint gun' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?aq- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq- 'to pull the trigger', c?aqma 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 95, TMN 3, 80-81, Лексика 373. Kypch. > Chuv. c?akma 'fire steel', whence > Mari, Udm. (Федотов 2, 387). The verb is usually regarded as one of the meanings of *c?ak- 'hit, strike', but the semantics 'strike fire' is attested quite early and allows to use the Turkic material in the Altaic comparison. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?a:j | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 small river 2 sand, pebbles 3 flood, freshet 4 shallow | face="Times New Roman Star"1 речка 2 песок, галька 3 половодье, наводнение 4 мелководный |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj 1, c?eke 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a:j 1, c?a":ge 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajyq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj-r-am 4 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj 2 (?) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"saj 'a river weed' (?) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aj (in the hydronym qarac?aj) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"The word is poorly attested (almost only in some modern Oghuz languages and Chag., see VEWT 95, Лексика 94; the Yakut parallel is phonetically unclear - borrowed from Tuva or Altai?). Turk. *c?a:j-ka (Turkm. c?a":ge, Chag. c?eke) > Kalm. ceke|: (KW 426). The forms (despite semantic difference) may have an Iranian origin: Pers. (Pekhl.) c?a:h 'well, spring' < *c?a:t|a > Av. c?a:ta, Kurd. c?a:l, Bel. c?a:t, Osset. c?ad 'lake', Wakhi c?ot 'pond' (Horn 97, Аб. 1, 285, 329, Расторгуева 1990, 191, ЭСВЯ 130); a certain Persian loan is Khal. c?a: 'Brunnen, Grube'. Osset. c?'aj 'well' is regarded by Abaev as a borrowing from Pers. through Georgian (c?.a 'well'). The relationship to the verbal stem c?a:j- 'to swill' (ОСНЯ 3, 59-60) ( < 'wash water off from the surface'?) is yet to be determined. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?Ajyr | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"resin, tar | face="Times New Roman Star"смола, деготь |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?e|jyr |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajyr | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajyr | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajyr | face="Times New Roman Star"sajyr | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajyr |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajyr |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajyr | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 95. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?Aj-na- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to chew 2 to bite | face="Times New Roman Star"1 жевать 2 кусать |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ig|ne-, c?ejne- 1 (R) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?e|jne|- 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1 (Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ejna"- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ejne- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"tajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"tajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"dajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"tajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sa"jna"- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?i:ne- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"cajna-, c?ajna-, c?ejne- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ajna- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ene-, c?a"ina"- 1 (ССЯ) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ajna- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 95, Рас. ФиЛ 168. Forms with t- in some Siberian languages are rather enigmatic. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?A:l | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"grey, grey-headed | face="Times New Roman Star"серый, седой |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al 'grey hair' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al 'having grey hair amid black hair' (Abush., Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o|l 'old man' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a:l | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"sa:lyr 'light-bay (horse); pepper-and-salt (hair)' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al 'old man' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al | face="Times New Roman Star"sal | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 417, VEWT 96, TMN 2, 31, Аникин 640. Turk. > WMong. c?al, Kalm. cal, Khalkha cal bu:ral 'grey-haired, roan'; Russ. чалый. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?al- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to knock (down), hit, agitate 2 to whet 3 to slaughter 4 to mow 5 scythe 6 to sting, pierce 7 to sweep 8 to chop 9 a k. of broom 10 to sharpen, whet 11 whetstone 12 mowing, hay time 13 to trip 14 blade | face="Times New Roman Star"1 сбивать, ударять, бить, взбалтывать 2 точить 3 убивать, закалывать 4 косить 5 коса 6 жалить, закалывать 7 подметать 8 изрубить, отрубить 9 вид метлы, веник-голик 10 точить 11 оселок 12 покос 13 дать подножку 14 острие, лезвие | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1 (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?algy 9, c?algy orag|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 3, c?alg|y 5 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?alg|i u.ro|q 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?alg|a 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al(y)- 8 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 6, 7, c?alg|y 9 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 10, 7, 6, c?alGy 5, 11 | face="Times New Roman Star"sal- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?alg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?alg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"s/ol- 4, s/olъk 9 | face="Times New Roman Star"sa:lyn- 'to fall abruptly' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?aly- 10 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 3, c?alg|y 5, c?alg|yn 12 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 13, s?alg|y 5, s?alg|yn 12 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 1, 3, 4, s?alg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"saly- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 4, c?alqy 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?alym 14 | face="Times New Roman Star"cal- 1, 4, calqy, calg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 1, 3, 13, s?alg|y 5, s?alg|yn 12 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 4, c?alg|y 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 97, EDT 417-418 , Егоров 206, Федотов 2, 132, 133. The difference in length between Turkm. and Yak. allows to suppose a merger of at least two roots, perhaps originally distinguished semantically and phonetically as *c?a:l- 'to knock down' (reflected in Yak., not reflected in Turkm.) - *c?al- 'to sharpen, whet' (reflected in Turkm., not reflected in Yak.). Since "Verba des Schlagens" are generally vague semantically, in most languages it is difficult to draw a line between them. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?(i)al- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 turban 2 noose, lasso 3 to plait, wrap 4 to bind by throwing the rope 5 to become entangled 6 to entangle 7 band, strap 8 to bind around, wrap around 9 to plait | face="Times New Roman Star"1 тюрбан 2 аркан, лассо 3 заплетать, заворачивать 4 связывать захлестом, наметывать 5 заплетаться 6 запутать 7 тесьма, завязка 8 обвязывать, обматывать 9 плести |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 4, c?alma 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1, 'flask fastened to the saddle' (Pav. C., Sangl.), 'apron' (Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al-(mo|q) 4, c?alma 1; band, facing | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al-ma-s?- 5 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1, c?al- 3, c?als?yq 'entangled (of a rope)' | face="Times New Roman Star"salba (Sag.) 'лычко для метания камней' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 2, dial. (Leb.) c?aly- 6 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?alba 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?alys?qaq 'criss-crossing' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 4, c?alg|yc? 7, c?alma 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 8 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?alma 1, s?aluw 7 | face="Times New Roman Star"saly- 8, salma 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?alma 1, c?al- 9, c?alman 'wattle' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 8, c?alma 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"cal- 8, calma 1, calman 'wattle' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 8 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 9, c?alma 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 420, VEWT 97, Лексика 395. Turk. > Mong. c?alma, salma 'lasso', see TMN 4, 316-317, Щербак 1997, 163 (although the meaning 'lasso' is not widely spread in Turkic, Doerfer suggests that it may have been the original, pre-Islamic, meaning of the derivative *c?al-ma). Note Chuv. c?ъw|lg|a- 'to entangle' - usually derived as a loanword < Tat. c?ulg|a- < PT *c?og-la-, but in this case one would rather expect c?ulg|a- - so the Chuv. form may actually reflect PT *c?ial-. The root is attested late, but does not seem to be borrowed, or a specialized development of *c?al- 'hit, chop' (as suggested in TMN). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?Am | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 a backbiting man 2 to exact a fine 3 claim 4 reproach 5 to be offended 6 to be angry | face="Times New Roman Star"1 клеветник 2 штрафовать 3 претензия, рекламация (юрид.) 4 упрек 5 обижаться 6 сердиться | face="Times New Roman Star"c?am 3 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?amg|uq 1 (MK) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?am-la- 'to speak with disgust' (R, Pav. C.) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?`imig 'badly' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?am (dial., R) 4, c?am-da-l- (dial., R) 5 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ammal-tur- 'to look nervous, angry' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?am-da-n- 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?am 'that which causes offence', s?am-da-n- 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?am-la-n- 6 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?am 'joke, mockery', c?am-la-n- 6 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?am-la-n- 5, s?am-s?yl 'resentful, sensitive' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 421-422, 423, VEWT 98, D-T 97. At least part of the forms may ultimately have a Chinese source (MC z|.a".m 'slander'). Cf. also c?aman 'lazy horse, dog'; Tur. c?amura jat- 'to decline from paying a debt' (slang; lit. 'to lie down in dirt' - perhaps a reanalysis based on the analogy with c?amur 'dirt', cf. also c?amur (metaph.) 'low, humble'). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ap- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 big vessel, barrel, pail 2 basin | face="Times New Roman Star"1 большой сосуд, бочка, чан, кадка 2 бассейн, яма для стока воды | face="Times New Roman Star"c?opun 1 (OUygh., late - Suv.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?opul 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?apc?aq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sapc?aq (AH) (OKypch.) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"saban, sapc?ax 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?apc?aq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?apc?aq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/o"ps/e 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sabaraj 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?opulaq 'spoon' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?apc?aq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?aps?aq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sapsaq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?apc?aq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"capcaq, c?apc?aq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?aps?aq 'wooden vessel for shaking up milk' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?apc?aq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 99, ДТС 153, Егоров 223,Федотов 2, 148-149. Forms with -u- in the second syllable demonstrate vowel assimilation (c?opu- < *c?apu-). External parallels strongly suggest that the word is not derived from *c?ap- 'hit', but is an original noun. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ap-, *c?opur | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 pock-marked, variegated 2 badly bred, sloppy 3 to appear (of rash, furuncles) | face="Times New Roman Star"1 пестрый, рябой 2 непородистый, неряшливый 3 высыпать (о сыпи, чирьях) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?opur 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ubar 'cheval gris de fer', c?ibar 'grey, mottled (horse)' (Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ipo|r 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ipa(r) 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?opur 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?opur 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?ubar 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?obur 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ubar 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ubar 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sa"ba"rt- 'to appear (of rash on lips)', sybar 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?apyr- 3, c?ubar 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ybar- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ybar, cybar 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ubar 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?apyr- 3, c?opur 1, c?ubar 'variegated' | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 116, 118-119, Егоров 320, Федотов 2, 403. An expressive and late attested root; appears, however, to be reconstructable for PT. The original shape is probably *c?ap- (preserved in c?ap-yr- 'to appear (of rash)', with further labial assimilation into *c?opur. The frequently attested variant c?upar > c?ubar is most probably a result of contamination *c?opur and *c?ubar (reflected in Tat. c?uwar, Kirgh. c?a:r that can only reflect *-b-). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*japur-gak | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"leaf | face="Times New Roman Star"лист | face="Times New Roman Star"japyrg|aq (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"japurg|aq (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"japrak | face="Times New Roman Star"jafraq | face="Times New Roman Star"japyrg|an (Abush.), j[a]praq (MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"japro|q | face="Times New Roman Star"jopurmaq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jarpaG | face="Times New Roman Star"japraq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"d/albyraq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"sebirdex | face="Times New Roman Star"hebirdek | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"vu"ree 'bark' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"'pra"a" 'bark' | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|albyraq | face="Times New Roman Star"z?apyraq | face="Times New Roman Star"japyraq | face="Times New Roman Star"japraq | face="Times New Roman Star"c?apraq | face="Times New Roman Star"japraq | face="Times New Roman Star"japrax | face="Times New Roman Star"z?apyraq | face="Times New Roman Star"ja"rfyx| | face="Times New Roman Star"japraq | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 188, EDT 879-80, ЭСТЯ 4, 130-132, Лексика 111-112, Stachowski 100. Clauson derives *japur-gak from *japur- 'to smoothe, level', which is an obvious contamination - just as the contamination with *jalpy- 'flat' (v. sub *de>\lp`a\) in some languages. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ia:k | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 time, measure 2 precisely, exactly | face="Times New Roman Star"1 время, пора 2 точно, впору | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq 1, 2 (late OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq 2 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag| 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"(OKypch.) c?aq 'when (conj.)' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?o|q 1, c?o|qum 'certainly' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag| 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a:G 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sax 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ox 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sax 1, sag|a 'about (the time when, the size of)' | face="Times New Roman Star"haga 'about (the time when, the size of)'; sagyna 'while' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?aq 1, 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?aq 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?aq 1, s?aq-ly 'this much' | face="Times New Roman Star"saq 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq 1, c?aq-ly 'this much' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a:q, c?aq 'up to' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag| (K), caq (H) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?aq 1, 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?aq 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 95, Егоров 327, Лексика 67, EDT 404, ДТС 139, Федотов 2, 425, Stachowski 92-93, 208. Forms like Chag. c?ag|, Uygh. c?ag| or Tof. s?ag| 'time' are borrowed < Mong., but this cannot be assumed for most other forms quoted above. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ar- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 snow dust 2 fog | face="Times New Roman Star"1 пороша 2 туман |
| face="Times New Roman Star"(MKypch.) c?as 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"(dial.) c?ars 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?as 2 (dial.) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"dial. (Leb.) s?ars?a 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"sar 'animal trace on snow' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ars 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ars 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"Лексика 29, 35. The derivative *c?ar-s is somewhat peculiar morphologically and could be a loanword - from the (unattested) Mong. *c?ar-su(n) (?). {Oyr. c?arym was removed from this etymology, but probably unjustly: the Komi source c/are?m 'snow crust', as well as c/ars id. are much better explained as borrowed from Turkic than vice versa. The form is traced back to Ur. *s/arV in UEW 464, but the consonantism is quite irregular; other parallels proposed by Helimsky are Saam. c?arava - with irregular vocalism - and Selk. c?/o|:rpy, closely resembling Tofalar c?arpyn|. A complicated case, but explanation of the existing scattered Uralic forms from Turkic is at least not preferable to vice versa.} |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ec?ek | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 flower 2 chicken-pox | face="Times New Roman Star"1 цветок 2 оспа | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek (KB) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?e|c?e|k 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek (Sangl.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ak 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?a"k 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?/`uz?|/ug | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?a"k 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/es/ke 'цветок, листок' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 2; aq c?ec?ek 'a k. of tree', c?ec?ekej 'crystalline lens' | face="Times New Roman Star"s?es?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?es?ek 1, s?es?ekej 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"sa"sa"k 2, sa"ska" 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?ek, c?ec?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?es?ek 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ic?ex (ССЯ) 1, 'bud' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ec?ek 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 102, EDT 400-401, Лексика 120. Turk. > Mong. c?ec?eg, see TMN 3, 57, Щербак 1997, 112. Kypch. > Chuv. c?ec?c?e, c?ec?ek (see Егоров 322, Федотов 2, 408-409); some Turkic forms (Tuva c?ec?ek, perhaps also Oyr. c?ec?ek and some of the Kypchak forms) may be borrowed back < Mong. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?Eke-t | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 coniferous forest 2 pistacio nut 3 (fruit) stone, seed 4 hazel-nut 5 wild jujube 6 young coniferous growth 7 bush, shrub 8 fir branch | face="Times New Roman Star"1 лес (хвойный) 2 фисташковый орех 3 косточка, семечко 4 лесной орех 5 дикая ююба 6 молодые хвойные поросли 7 кустарник 8 ветка ели |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?eki-r-tu"k 2 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?eki-r-dek 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?iki 4 (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?eke-r-dek, c?ekide| 5 (Pav. C., R - Babur) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?et 7 (R) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?et ag|as? 6 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?et 6 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ege-dek, c?ege-l-dek 8 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s?ege-r 7 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?eget 'forest, wood' (Karach.), 'North' (Balk.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ekerdek 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?egirdek, c?ekirdek 3, c?eger 'blackthorn' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 102, EDT 867-868. Morphologically -t - is a collective suffix, -dak/-dyk - a denominative suffix. The word is attested in MK, but in an aberrant (dialectal) shape with s?-, and the meaning 'nut' is probably secondary, the original meaning of the root being 'coniferous tree, branch'. Several other plant names may be related, cf.: Chag. c?eke| 'berries found in the Fergana mountains'; Uzb. c?akanda 'облепиха крушиновидная', Uygh. c?a"ka"nda" 'a bush with red fruits' (R 3, 1947 Taranchi, mod. c?akanda 'a k. of thorny bush'), Az. c?a"kil 'mulberry'; Kirgh. South. c?ekende 'хвойник; кузьмичева трава; эфедра двуколосковая' (its pseudoberries are edible; despite Yudakhin, not < Iranian - the word is not attested in Persian). Turk. > Pers. c?a"ka"lda"k 'blackberry' (Гаффаров). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?epil/ | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"a half-year or 1-year-old kid | face="Times New Roman Star"(полу)годовалый козленок |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?epis? (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?epis?, c?epic? |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ivic? |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?a"pis? | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ebis? |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?apis? ( < Az.?) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ebic? |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?emic? |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ebic? | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 105, EDT 399, Щербак 1961, 120. Cf. also Chag. c?iber 'mountain goat' (R). The reflex -b- in Turkm. and Uygh. may be an indication of original vowel length (?) Shcherbak's hypothesis of the word being borrowed < Iranian is dubious; Pers. c?apis?, c?apus? itself may well be borrowed < Turkic. In any case, the Persian form cannot be a regular IE match for Lat. caper. Cf. WH 1, 157, sub caper: "Np. c?apis?...lautlich unmo"glich"; indeed, Common Iranian -p- (< IE -p-) > Mod. Pers. and NW-Iran. -b-, in exceptional cases -v- (Расторгуева ЗИФ 114-115); a parallel for caper may perhaps be found in Sak. cau_, Osset. ca"v 'goat' (see Аб. 1, 307, Bailey 105). One should mention the problematic "Wanderformen" Rum. cap, Alb. tsap, Ital. dial. cappo, Crim.-Goth. stap, Slav. *ca//pъ 'he-goat'; cf. also Oyr. c?a:p 'one year-old roebuck' ( < Mong.?). See Трубачев 1960, 89-90, Orel 47 with literature; note especially Hubschmid's (1954, 49) hypothesis of the Turkic origin of this Wanderwort. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*c?E:k- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 woven cotton fabric 2 cotton shirt 3 woollen cloth 4 a k. of upper clothes (jacket, trousers, cloak) | face="Times New Roman Star"1 хлопковая ткань 2 хлопковая рубашка 3 шерстяная ткань 4 вид верхней одежды (куртка, шаровары, плащ) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ekrek 2 (OUygh. - XIV c.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ekrek 2 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ekmen, c?a"pka"n 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ikme|n 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ekmen 4, 1 (Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?akmo|n 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a"kma"n 4 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?a":kmen 'gown' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ekpen, c?epken 3, 4 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"s?ekpen 3, 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"s?ekpen 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ekmen, c?epken 3, 4 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"sa"kma"n 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?epken 3, 4 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"cekmen, c?ekma"n 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 103, EDT 416, 413. |
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
