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Turkic etymology : Search within this database Total of 2017 records 101 page
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▴ Proto-Turkic▴ Altaic etymology▴ Meaning▴ Russian meaning▴ Old Turkic▴ Karakhanid▴ Turkish▴ Tatar▴ Middle Turkic▴ Uzbek▴ Uighur▴ Sary-Yughur▴ Azerbaidzhan▴ Turkmen▴ Khakassian▴ Shor▴ Oyrat▴ Halaj▴ Chuvash▴ Yakut▴ Dolgan▴ Tuva▴ Tofalar▴ Kirghiz▴ Kazakh▴ Noghai▴ Bashkir▴ Balkar▴ Gagauz▴ Karaim▴ Karakalpak▴ Salar▴ Kumyk▴ Commentsface="Times New Roman Star"*ti-(ku") face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"that face="Times New Roman Star"тот face="Times New Roman Star"tege face="Times New Roman Star"(OKypch.) tigi (Bulgat), tik (Ettuhf. ) face="Times New Roman Star"(dial.) s?u"-tki,s?u"tu"ki, bitiki 'вот этот' (Akhaltek.) face="Times New Roman Star"tege; i>-di 'so, thus' face="Times New Roman Star"i-ti 'this' face="Times New Roman Star"i-ti 'this' face="Times New Roman Star"do": face="Times New Roman Star"te: face="Times New Roman Star"tigi face="Times New Roman Star"tigi (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"tege face="Times New Roman Star"te bu 'this here', te o 'that there' face="Times New Roman Star"du"g|u", tu": face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 479, Ra"sa"nen 1957, 36, Котвич 1962, 142, Stachowski 129. face="Times New Roman Star"*T(i)a:na- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"nostril face="Times New Roman Star"ноздря face="Times New Roman Star"tanaw face="Times New Roman Star"tany: face="Times New Roman Star"tany: face="Times New Roman Star"tanaq face="Times New Roman Star"tanau 'nose' face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 460, Лексика 218. Because of late attestation borrowing from Mong. is not excluded; but it is not quite probable for phonetic reasons. face="Times New Roman Star"*baldyr face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"beginning of the spring season, lambing season face="Times New Roman Star"начало весеннего сезона, сезона рождения ягнят face="Times New Roman Star"baldyr (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"baldi(r) (dial.: УДС 23) 'last year' face="Times New Roman Star"The root tends to mix with *byldur 'last year', but is explicitly distinguished by MK (as baldyr vs. byldyr). face="Times New Roman Star"*da:la- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"to bite face="Times New Roman Star"кусать face="Times New Roman Star"dala- face="Times New Roman Star"tala- face="Times New Roman Star"tala- (MKypch.: AH , Ettuhf. ) face="Times New Roman Star"dala- face="Times New Roman Star"da:la- face="Times New Roman Star"tula- , recipr. tola-s?- face="Times New Roman Star"dala- face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 3, 134-136, Ашм. XIV, 120. This root should be strictly distinguished from PT *ta:la- 'to rob', with which it is confused in VEWT 458 and in EDT 492. face="Times New Roman Star"*ja:l/ face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"fresh, raw face="Times New Roman Star"свежий, сырой face="Times New Roman Star"jas? (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"jas? (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"jas? face="Times New Roman Star"jas? (AH , Ettuhf. ) face="Times New Roman Star"jas? face="Times New Roman Star"ja:s? face="Times New Roman Star"c?as face="Times New Roman Star"jas?, d/as? face="Times New Roman Star"c?as? face="Times New Roman Star"z?|as? face="Times New Roman Star"z?as face="Times New Roman Star"jas face="Times New Roman Star"ja"s? face="Times New Roman Star"z?|as?, z?as?, zas? face="Times New Roman Star"jas? face="Times New Roman Star"jas? face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 4, 161-163, EDT 975-976, VEWT 192 (one of several *ja:l/ roots). Within Turkic interacts actively (in fact almost completely merges with *ja:l/ 'green' and *ja:l/ 'young' - but all three roots, and, additionally, *ja:l/ 'tear' and *ja:l/ 'age' - seem to have different Altaic origins. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kop face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"all face="Times New Roman Star"весь face="Times New Roman Star"qop (Orkh., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qop (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 281, EDT 579. face="Times New Roman Star"*el/i face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"lady, beg's consort face="Times New Roman Star"титул жены бега face="Times New Roman Star"i/es?i (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"i/es?i (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"See EDT 256, TMN 2, 182-183. The word is borrowed in Mong.: MMong. esi (HY ), WMong. esi 'empress', Kalm. is? 'mother' (KW 210), Ordos is?i Gatu 'nom d'un sanctuaire, es?i qatun' (DO 389), see Clark 1980 , 41. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyl- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 thin 2 short face="Times New Roman Star"1 тонкий 2 короткий face="Times New Roman Star"xylbys face="Times New Roman Star"qylbyq, qylbys 1 face="Times New Roman Star"x@ld@rke 'худой, хилый, тонкий' face="Times New Roman Star"kylgas 2 face="Times New Roman Star"kylgas 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qylmyj- face="Times New Roman Star"qylmyj- face="Times New Roman Star"On the rare reflexes of this root see VEWT 263, Stachowski 168. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kad face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"wind, whirlwind face="Times New Roman Star"ветер, вихрь face="Times New Roman Star"qad| (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"kaj 'rainy weather' face="Times New Roman Star"qaj (AH , Pav. C. , Abush. ) face="Times New Roman Star"Gaj face="Times New Roman Star"xas face="Times New Roman Star"xata:- 'to be cold in spring' face="Times New Roman Star"xat, xady- 'to be frozen', face="Times New Roman Star"qat face="Times New Roman Star"qajy- 'to be frozen' face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 593, ЭСТЯ 5, 193-194, Лексика 46. Borrowing < Sam. *kacu 'whirlwind' is hardly credible, despite Helimski 1995 . face="Times New Roman Star"*(j)e:.n-c?ik face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 shin, shank 2 shin bone 3 boot-top strap 4 heel face="Times New Roman Star"1 голень 2 кость голени 3 ремешки для подтягивания голенищ 4 пятка face="Times New Roman Star"jinz?|ik 2 (IM ) face="Times New Roman Star"inz?|ik 1 face="Times New Roman Star"jinz?|ik 1 (КСТТ ) face="Times New Roman Star"inz?|ik 'cou de pied' (Pav. C. ) face="Times New Roman Star"i:nz?|ik 1, 2 face="Times New Roman Star"enz?|ik 4 face="Times New Roman Star"enc?ik 4 (Leb.) face="Times New Roman Star"inn/ia"x 1 (Пек. 1941) face="Times New Roman Star"inc?ik 3 face="Times New Roman Star"jensek 1 face="Times New Roman Star"inc?ik 2 face="Times New Roman Star"inc?ik, inz?|ik 1 face="Times New Roman Star"inz?|ix голень (ССЯ ) face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 172, 203, Лексика 286. face="Times New Roman Star"*To:r- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to become lean, hungry 2 lean, hungry face="Times New Roman Star"1 отощать, проголодаться 2 тощий, голодный face="Times New Roman Star"turuq 2 (Orkh., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"tu:r- (o:?) 1 (MK ), turuq 1 (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"turg|un 'fatigue/' (Pav. C. ) face="Times New Roman Star"toryg| 2 face="Times New Roman Star"tor 2 face="Times New Roman Star"toryn- (Верб. - Tel.) face="Times New Roman Star"tuor- 1, tuor 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dor- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"toruq- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"toryq- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"torma 2 (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 489, EDT 530, 539, Clark 1977 , 157. face="Times New Roman Star"*je.g- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 better 2 upper part, surface face="Times New Roman Star"1 лучше, лучший 2 верх, поверхность face="Times New Roman Star"jeg 1 (Orkh., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"jeg 1 (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"jeg|, jej 1 face="Times New Roman Star"jik 1 (AH ) face="Times New Roman Star"jeg (dial.) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"jeg 1 face="Times New Roman Star"s/i, s/ije 2 face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 909-910, VEWT 194, ЭСТЯ 4, 165-166, TMN 4, 184-185, Федотов 2, 115-116. face="Times New Roman Star"*en face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"not (prohibitive particle) face="Times New Roman Star"не (запретительная частица) face="Times New Roman Star"an face="Times New Roman Star"Егоров 26-27, Федотов 1, 43-45. An isolated Chuv. form, but probably archaic (cf. the external evidence). Cf. also Karakh. (MK Oghuz) an| 'an exclamation meaning "no"' (see EDT 165) - but it is a hapax, occurs only within a reduplication an| an|, does not regularly correspond to Chuv. an and may be just onomatopoeic. face="Times New Roman Star"*buc?-uk face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"half face="Times New Roman Star"половина face="Times New Roman Star"byc?uq (MK , IM ) face="Times New Roman Star"buc?uk face="Times New Roman Star"buc?uq (Sangl. , MKypch. - AH ) face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 85, EDT 294, ЭСТЯ 2, 283-284. Usually regarded as derived from *byc?- 'to cut', which is dubious in the light of external evidence. face="Times New Roman Star"*eme face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 female 2 old woman face="Times New Roman Star"1 самка 2 старуха face="Times New Roman Star"oma (MK "Tibetan") 1 (?) face="Times New Roman Star"dial. eme 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. a"ma" 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ama 1 face="Times New Roman Star"eme 2 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 42, ЭСТЯ 220, Егоров 25, EDT 156 (a "nursery" word, spread also in other Altaic languages). face="Times New Roman Star"*sunu face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"caraway seed face="Times New Roman Star"тминное зерно face="Times New Roman Star"sunu (OUygh. med.) face="Times New Roman Star"sunu (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 834. Clauson considers the Arabic translation s?u:ni:z to be a loan from Persian; the Persian form gas?ni:z (> modern East Iranian languages, see Стеблин-Каменский 1982 , 75), on the origin of which see Henning 1963, 195-199, of course cannot be the source of Turkic forms. face="Times New Roman Star"*e:.g-id- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to grow, bring up 2 high, raised up 3 huge face="Times New Roman Star"1 растить, воспитывать 2 высокий, поднятый 3 огромный face="Times New Roman Star"igid-, egid- 1, ediz (< *e:dgir/) 2 (Orkh., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"igid|- 1, ed|iz 2 (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"a":girt 3 face="Times New Roman Star"i:t- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"i:t- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 73, 103, VEWT 36, 169, ЭСТЯ 1, 224-225, Stachowski 131. face="Times New Roman Star"*siar/ face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"marsh, dirt face="Times New Roman Star"болото, грязь face="Times New Roman Star"saz face="Times New Roman Star"saz (Houts. ) face="Times New Roman Star"so|z face="Times New Roman Star"saz face="Times New Roman Star"sas face="Times New Roman Star"sas face="Times New Roman Star"s?or(ъ) face="Times New Roman Star"saz face="Times New Roman Star"saz face="Times New Roman Star"had| face="Times New Roman Star"It is not quite clear whether the Oghuz name for 'reed' (Tur. saz, Turkm., Gag. sa:z, see Лексика 135, ЭСТЯ 7) and 'swamp' as 'reed growth' (Tur. sazlyk, Turkm. sa:zlyq) belongs here, too, or else reflect a different root. In the former case one should prefer the reconstruction *sia:r/. See VEWT 406, TMN 3, 222, Лексика 93, ЭСТЯ 7, Федотов 2, 462. Bulg. > Hung. sa/r 'dirt', see Gombocz 1912 , MNyTESz 3, 487-488. face="Times New Roman Star"*a>m- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 gentle, quiet 2 to love, desire, rejoice 3 politeness 4 beloved 5 to be quiet face="Times New Roman Star"1 тихий, спокойный 2 любить, радоваться 3 вежливость 4 милый, любимый 5 быть спокойным face="Times New Roman Star"amul, amyl 1, amraq 4, amyr-, amran- 2, amryl- 5 (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"amul 1, amraq 4, amyrt- 'to calm', amryl- 5 (MK , KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"ymyl, umul 1 (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"ymrag| 4 face="Times New Roman Star"amraq 4 face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 5 face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 5 face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 5 face="Times New Roman Star"havul 'good' (?) face="Times New Roman Star"ъw|mъw|r 'quiet and grey (weather)' face="Times New Roman Star"amarax, amyrax 'compassionate' face="Times New Roman Star"amarak 'compassionate' face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 2, amyraq 3 face="Times New Roman Star"amyz 'honour' face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 'desire' face="Times New Roman Star"amraq 'disposition, aptitude' face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 160-161, 162-163, 164, VEWT 19, ЭСТЯ 1, 59-60 (confused with abra- 'to save' < Mong.), Stachowski 33, TMN 2, 125, Федотов 1, 82. Turk. > MMong. amrax| 'sweetheart', amurag| 'friend' (IM ), amraq bol- 'to fall in love' (MA ), amara- 'sich lieben', amarah 'Liebe' (SH ), Mgr amurag| 'friend' (Тод. Мгр. 314) etc.; but modern Kypchak and Siberian forms may be reborrowed < Mong. face="Times New Roman Star"*kele- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to speak 2 talk, conversation face="Times New Roman Star"1 говорить 2 речь, слово face="Times New Roman Star"kele-c?u" 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. kelez?|i 2 face="Times New Roman Star"kelec?i 2 (Houts. ), kelec?e 2 (MA ) face="Times New Roman Star"kala- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"kelec?-so"z 2 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 248, ЭСТЯ 5, 32-33, EDT 716 (Clauson considers the word to be a foreign loan which is dubious, see Clark 1977 , 136-138). It is also worth mentioning Tur. kelime, Az. ka"lma" 'word', Turkm. keleme 'sacred words of Qur'an pronounced for protection' - usually regarded as Arabisms, but with some peculiarities (front vocalism, final -e) that could actually indicate Turkic origin, with a secondary merger with the Arabic loan.
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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