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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to openface="Times New Roman Star"открыватьface="Times New Roman Star"ac?- (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ac?- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?- (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"o|c?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"as-face="Times New Roman Star"as?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-
face="Times New Roman Star"os/-face="Times New Roman Star"as-
face="Times New Roman Star"a's?-face="Times New Roman Star"a's?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"as?-face="Times New Roman Star"as?-face="Times New Roman Star"as-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"as?-
face="Times New Roman Star"ac?-face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 18-19, VEWT 3, ЭСТЯ 1, 209-210, Федотов 2, 292.
face="Times New Roman Star"*a>c?aj / *e>c?ejface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 old man or woman 2 mother 3 grandmother 4 sister (of woman) 5 mother (if the grandmother is still alive) 5 mother (addr. to an elder woman) 6 aunt, sister of father 7 elder brother 8 uncle 9 ancestor 10 Father! (to the God) 11 old man, elder man 12 husband 13 younger brother of father's father 14 grandfather 15 fatherface="Times New Roman Star"1 старый мужчина или женщина 2 мать 3 бабушка 4 сестра (женщины) 5 мать (при живой бабушке) 5 мать (обр. к пожилой женщине) 6 тетя, сестра отца 7 старший брат 8 дядя 9 предок 10 Отче! (обр. к Богу) 11 старик, пожилой человек 12 муж 13 младший брат деда 14 дед 15 отецface="Times New Roman Star"ec?i 7, 8 (Orkh.), ec?u" 9 (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ec?i 1 (MK), ec?u" 10 (KB)face="Times New Roman Star"az?|u (dial.), ez?|e 11face="Times New Roman Star"az?|a, az?|i, e|z?|i 5 (dial., ТТДС 22, 551), azyj, e|zi 11, 15 (dial., ТТДС 23, 540)
face="Times New Roman Star"o|c?a, ac?a 2, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ac?a 6face="Times New Roman Star"ac?y 4, ac?a 12, 15

face="Times New Roman Star"az?|a 7, 8face="Times New Roman Star"ac?a 7, 8face="Times New Roman Star"Leb. az?|y, az?|a 7, ac?a 13
face="Times New Roman Star"az/a 15face="Times New Roman Star"ehe 14face="Times New Roman Star"ehe 14face="Times New Roman Star"ac?a 15face="Times New Roman Star"as?'a, az?|a 7, 15face="Times New Roman Star"ac?aj 5, az?|a 11

face="Times New Roman Star"a"sa" 2




face="Times New Roman Star"az?|aj 5, ec?iw 6face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 35, ЭСТЯ 1, 231-235, TMN 2, 15, Егоров 35, Лексика 299, Clark 1977, 128, Stachowski 43. Shortness is suggested by pharyngealization in Tofalar, so the variants with -z?|- are probably due to expressive gemination (*ac?c?V / *ec?c?V).
face="Times New Roman Star"*a:.guface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 poison 2 muskface="Times New Roman Star"1 яд 2 мускус, кабарговая струяface="Times New Roman Star"ag|u 1 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ag|u 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"au 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|u 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|u 1face="Times New Roman Star"o|g|u 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|i, og|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|y 1face="Times New Roman Star"a:vy 1face="Times New Roman Star"o: 1



face="Times New Roman Star"y: 2

face="Times New Roman Star"a: 1 (Рас. ФиЛ 9)face="Times New Roman Star"ag|u: 2face="Times New Roman Star"ag|u dial.face="Times New Roman Star"ag|uwface="Times New Roman Star"ag|ywface="Times New Roman Star"ag|u
face="Times New Roman Star"ag|u

face="Times New Roman Star"ag|uw, ag|uface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 9, 13, ЭСТЯ 1, 67. The Kypch. forms with -g|- (not shifted to -w-) and *-ug| may be borrowed from Chag.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ia:g-, *ia:g-na-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to roll over, fall over 2 to climb over 3 to tumble 4 to turn over, capsize, let fallface="Times New Roman Star"1 падать, опрокидываться, свешиваться 2 перелезать 3 валяться, перекатываться 4 ронять, опрокидыватьface="Times New Roman Star"ag|na- 3 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ag|na- 3 (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"ag|- 1, ag|dyr- 2, ag|yn- 3face="Times New Roman Star"aw- 1, awdar- 4, awna- 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|na- 3face="Times New Roman Star"o|g|- 1, o|g|na- 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|- 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|yna- 3 (ЯЖУ 11)face="Times New Roman Star"ag|na- 3face="Times New Roman Star"a:g|- 1, 2, a:g|-dar- 4, a:g|yna- 3face="Times New Roman Star"an|-dar- 4face="Times New Roman Star"an|-dar- 4face="Times New Roman Star"an|-tar- 4, an|-da- (<*an|-na-) 3face="Times New Roman Star"ha:g|a, ho|:g|a 'back, in the back'face="Times New Roman Star"jъw|van- 1, 4face="Times New Roman Star"a:n|-na- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"an|da-r- 4, an|da-s?- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"o:- 1, o:na- 3face="Times New Roman Star"aw-dar- 4, awna- 3face="Times New Roman Star"av- 1, av-dar- 4, avna- 3face="Times New Roman Star"aw- 1, awdar- 4, awna- 3face="Times New Roman Star"aw- 1, 2, aw-la- 'to skim', awdar- 4, awna- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"avdar- 4, av-g|a-la-n- 3face="Times New Roman Star"aw- 1, 2, awdar- 4, awna- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"av- 1, avdar- 4, av-la-n- 'to turn over, incline', avna- 3face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 86-87, VEWT 7, ЭСТЯ 1, 69-70, 73-76. Forms like an|-dar- are not quite clear - caus. from the refl. *ia:g-yn- ? (but the refl. form is here not *ia:g-yn- but rather *ia:g-na-).
face="Times New Roman Star"*Agyr/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 mouth 2 lip, lips 3 mouth of a river, of a cleftface="Times New Roman Star"1 рот 2 губа, губы 3 устье реки, ущельяface="Times New Roman Star"ag|yz (Orkh.) 3, ag|yz, ag|az (OUygh.) 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|yz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|yz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"awyz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|yz 1face="Times New Roman Star"o|g|iz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"eg|iz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|ys 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|yz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|yz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"a:s, axsy (3 P.) 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"aqsy 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"o:s 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|yz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"vъw|rъw|, urъ-lъ 3face="Times New Roman Star"uos 2face="Times New Roman Star"uos 2face="Times New Roman Star"a:s, aqsy (3 P.) 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"a:s, aqsy (3 P.) 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ooz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"awyz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"awyz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"awyd| 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"awud| 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"a:s 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|yz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"awyz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|yz 1face="Times New Roman Star"awuz 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 8, EDT 98, ЭСТЯ 1, 81-83, Мудрак Дисс. 115, Лексика 224-225, Stachowski 245.
face="Times New Roman Star"*an/akface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 pot, cup 2 hole; mouth 3(river) mouthface="Times New Roman Star"1 сосуд, чашка 2 отверстие; рот 3 устье (реки)face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ajak 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1 (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"o|jo|q 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"ajak 3face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"ajax 1face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1

face="Times New Roman Star"ajax 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"an/a, an/ak 2face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1, 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1, 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ajaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 11, ЭСТЯ 1, 105, TMN 2, 171-2, EDT 270, Stachowski 34. Turk. > Mongor ajaG 'paquet' (SM 16), ZM ajo|:q (14-2a); > Russ. Siber. aja/k (Аникин 104).
face="Times New Roman Star"*an/ar/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"clear sky; frostface="Times New Roman Star"ясное небо; морозface="Times New Roman Star"ajaz (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ajas (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajaz (Sangl.), ajaz, ajas (CCum.)face="Times New Roman Star"ajo|zface="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajasface="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajasface="Times New Roman Star"ajasface="Times New Roman Star"ajas; ajyz (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"haja:zface="Times New Roman Star"ojar

face="Times New Roman Star"ajas
face="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajad|face="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ajaz/s

face="Times New Roman Star"ajazface="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 1, 102-3; VEWT 11; TMN 2, 170; Лексика 13, Федотов 2, 298. A different suffixation is seen in Tur. (dial.) ajam, Kaz., Kirgh. ajyq 'clear (weather'). A derivative *an/-gyr/- (pointing to original *-n/-) is found in Kaz. an|yzaq, Turkm. an|zaq 'cold with dry wind' (see ЭСТЯ ibid.).
face="Times New Roman Star"*a.l-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to takeface="Times New Roman Star"братьface="Times New Roman Star"al- (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"al- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al- (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"o|l-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"il-face="Times New Roman Star"yl-face="Times New Roman Star"yl-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"al-face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 124-125, VEWT 14-15, ЭСТЯ 1, 127-128, Егоров 68, Лексика 336, 337, Stachowski 259.
face="Times New Roman Star"*a:laface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"variegatedface="Times New Roman Star"пестрыйface="Times New Roman Star"ala (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ala (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"o|laface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"a:laface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"hala-bulaface="Times New Roman Star"olaface="Times New Roman Star"ala
face="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"ala-z?|aface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"alaface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 126, VEWT 15, ЭСТЯ 1, 129-130, TMN 2, 95-97, Федотов 2, 274, Лексика 607.
face="Times New Roman Star"*a>l-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to become weak 2 bad 3 to be vile (of a man), to turn septic (of a wound) 4 weak, inferior 5 upset 6 old, worn-out 7 crazy 8 lazy man 9 to hurry 10 fool 11 to go mad 12 to deceive 13 perplexed 14 dumb, foolish 15 doubt, surprise 16 error 17 be in doubt, perplexed 18 absent-minded, unattentive 19 weaknessface="Times New Roman Star"1 слабеть 2 дурной 3 быть подлым (о человеке), воспаляться (о ране) 4 слабый, худший 5 расстроенный 6 старый, изношенный 7 безумный, ошалелый 8 лентяй 9 торопиться 10 дурак 11 сходить с ума 12 обманывать 13 растерянный 14 глупый, простоватый 15 сомнение, удивление 16 ошибка 17 сомневаться, сбиваться, путаться 18 рассеянный, невнимательный 19 чахлость, немощьface="Times New Roman Star"alan|-a-d- 1 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"alyg| 2 (MK), alyq- 3 (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"alyk, (Osm.) alu 4, alaz, alyz 4 (dial.), alkyn 5 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"ala-ma 2, 6face="Times New Roman Star"aluq 7 (Abush. 27)
face="Times New Roman Star"alaq, alan| 7face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ac? 8 (ЯЖУ 14)
face="Times New Roman Star"al-n|-a-sa- 9face="Times New Roman Star"alyg| 10, alas 5, al-yn-, al-ax- 11, (caus.) 12face="Times New Roman Star"al-aq-tyr- (caus. from *al-aq-) 12, al-aq-qan 13, alyg| 10, al-yn- 11face="Times New Roman Star"ala: (< alag|) 14, alu (< alyg|) 10, alan| 15, alg|as 5, al-yn- 11

face="Times New Roman Star"alg|as 16
face="Times New Roman Star"ala:q- 17, alan| 15
face="Times New Roman Star"alan|, alag|-dy 18face="Times New Roman Star"alan| 18face="Times New Roman Star"ala-n|-g|a-s-ar 18face="Times New Roman Star"alama 2, 6, al-jawu 11face="Times New Roman Star"alyn- 11face="Times New Roman Star"alyq 7, 10face="Times New Roman Star"alas 19face="Times New Roman Star"alan| 18

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 16-17, TMN 2, 116, EDT 129, 138, 149, ЭСТЯ 1, 132, 145-146, Clark 1977, 128. See also Oghuz *al-c?ak sub *a>l 'below'. Tends to contaminate with *a:l 'red' and *a:la 'variegated', cf. Uygh. al-ga"da"n 'nai've' ('red nape'), Turkm. a:la-samsyk 'foolish' ('variegated fool'), Bashk. al-jot 'fool' ('red fellow'). KW 7. Turk. *algaz > MMong. alg|asa- 'faul, nachlassig sein' (SH), then Mong. > Kirgh., KBalk., Kum. alg|asa(r)-, Nogh. alas-la-r- 'to become embarrassed', (Karaim) 'to be scared' etc. Despite Sevortyan, Tokharian A a:la:s 'iners, ignavus' (Poucha 27), B ala:s- 'be sick' (Sieg-Siegling 91) not < Turk., but < Sanskr. alasa.
face="Times New Roman Star"*a.lky-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to bless, praise 2 blessing, praise 3 curseface="Times New Roman Star"1 благословлять, восхвалять 2 благословение, хвала 3 проклятие, проклинатьface="Times New Roman Star"alqa- (OUygh.) 1, alqys? (OUygh., Yen.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"alqys? 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"alkys? 2face="Times New Roman Star"alqys? 2face="Times New Roman Star"alqa- 1 (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"o|lqis? 2face="Times New Roman Star"alqis? 2face="Times New Roman Star"alqys 2face="Times New Roman Star"alGys? 2face="Times New Roman Star"alqys? 2

face="Times New Roman Star"alqa- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ylg|an 3face="Times New Roman Star"alg|a:- 1, alg|y: 2 ( < Tuva)face="Times New Roman Star"alga:- 'to shamanize' ( < Tuva)face="Times New Roman Star"a'lg|ys? 3
face="Times New Roman Star"alqa- 1, alqys? 2face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys 2; alqa- 1 (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"alqys? 2face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys? 2face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys? 2face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 1, 137-138, EDT 137-138, Егоров 343, Stachowski 31, Мудрак Дисс. 181 (regarding the Yak. form as borrowed < Tuva because of its vocalism).
face="Times New Roman Star"*a>lface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 lower side, below 2 (as adj.) being below , lowerface="Times New Roman Star"1 низ, нижняя сторона 2 нижнийface="Times New Roman Star"altyn 2 (Yen. ПМК 90, OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"altyn 2 (MK, IM), alt 1 (\X<1.193>Tefs.\x)face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1 (dial., ЯБТ 126)


face="Times New Roman Star"alty 1 (ЯЖУ 14)face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1
face="Times New Roman Star"alty 1face="Times New Roman Star"alty 1face="Times New Roman Star"ald 1, altyg|y 2; alty 1 {(Баск. Туба)}face="Times New Roman Star"a[:]lt 1face="Times New Roman Star"old(ъ) 'gusset'face="Times New Roman Star"alyn 1face="Times New Roman Star"alyn 1face="Times New Roman Star"a'ldy 1face="Times New Roman Star"aldyn 'в низовье реки' (Рас. ФиЛ 153)face="Times New Roman Star"ald(y) 1



face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1 (K)


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 14, ЭСТЯ 1, 140-141, Stachowski 32. VEWT confuses (after Bang and Brockelmann) the roots *al- 'below' and *a:l 'front'. They are indeed mixed in Kirgh. and Oyr. lit., where we have ald 'front, below', but are distinguished in dialects (Tuba: ald 'front', with a voicing in the consonant cluster after an old long vowel, but alty 'below'). The Chuv. form probably goes back to the compound *koltuk alty 'axillary concavity, gusset' (attested in Tur., Gag., Az., see Дыбо 154). Most languages reflect *al-ty- (the simple form al is not attested, see the discussion in EDT 121), but the reality of the root *a>l is proved by a different derivative in Yakut. Cf. also Sib.-Tat. alas?a 'low, low place' (КСТТ 100). Another possible old derivative in -c?ak may be PT *al/(c?)ak (Karakh. as?aq, Turkm. as?a:q etc., see ЭСТЯ 1, 214-215) 'below, bottom part; low, humble': its traditional derivation from *a:l/- 'to cross (a mountain)' is unsatisfactory both phonetically and semantically. A certain problem is the attribution of the adjective *al-c?ak (see ЭСТЯ 1, 143-144, EDT 129). Older occurrences of alc?aq (MK, KB, Tefs., Rabg. etc.) present the meaning 'modest, humble'; cf. also Sib.-Tat. alcaq 'valetudinarian' (КСТТ 101), Turkm. alc?ak 'affable' and perhaps Tur. alc?ak 'mean, vile', alc?a- 'to offend, humiliate'. This group of forms may in fact reflect a different root, otherwise represented by PT *Alyg, see under *a:\le 'weak, tired'. Another group of forms - Chag. alc?aq 'bas' (Pav. C.), Tur., Az., Crim.-Tat. (and Oghuz texts like Korkut) alc?aq 'low, low place' probably represents an Oghuz innovative derivation in -c?ak from the root al- (which is why -lc?- did not yield -s?- here), perhaps influenced by Mong. alc?a-gar, alc?a-n 'stunted, undersized', derived from Mong. alc?aji- 'to spread legs apart'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*(i)am-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 now 2 recentface="Times New Roman Star"1 сейчас 2 недавнийface="Times New Roman Star"am-ty 1 (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"am-dy 1 (MK, KB)




face="Times New Roman Star"am-g|o, am-do"-ko 2 (ЯЖУ 15)

face="Times New Roman Star"am 1, am-dy-g|y, am-g|y 2face="Times New Roman Star"am, amdy 1, amdyg|y 2, am-oq 'at once'


face="Times New Roman Star"any ( < *am-dy) 1face="Times New Roman Star"any 1face="Times New Roman Star"am 1, amg|y 2, amdy: (< amdyg|y) 'the same'face="Times New Roman Star"am, amdy /, amg|y: 2









face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 18, 41, EDT 156-157, ЭСТЯ I 357, Stachowski 34, Лексика 83 (with some confusion of *am- and *em- q. v. sub *i\me/).
face="Times New Roman Star"*a>m-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 gentle, quiet 2 to love, desire, rejoice 3 politeness 4 beloved 5 to be quietface="Times New Roman Star"1 тихий, спокойный 2 любить, радоваться 3 вежливость 4 милый, любимый 5 быть спокойнымface="Times New Roman Star"amul, amyl 1, amraq 4, amyr-, amran- 2, amryl- 5 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"amul 1, amraq 4, amyrt- 'to calm', amryl- 5 (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"ymyl, umul 1 (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"ymrag| 4
face="Times New Roman Star"amraq 4face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 5

face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 5
face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 5face="Times New Roman Star"havul 'good' (?)face="Times New Roman Star"ъw|mъw|r 'quiet and grey (weather)'face="Times New Roman Star"amarax, amyrax 'compassionate'face="Times New Roman Star"amarak 'compassionate'face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 2, amyraq 3
face="Times New Roman Star"amyz 'honour'


face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 'desire'



face="Times New Roman Star"amraq 'disposition, aptitude'face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 160-161, 162-163, 164, VEWT 19, ЭСТЯ 1, 59-60 (confused with abra- 'to save' < Mong.), Stachowski 33, TMN 2, 125, Федотов 1, 82. Turk. > MMong. amrax| 'sweetheart', amurag| 'friend' (IM), amraq bol- 'to fall in love' (MA), amara- 'sich lieben', amarah 'Liebe' (SH), Mgr amurag| 'friend' (Тод. Мгр. 314) etc.; but modern Kypchak and Siberian forms may be reborrowed < Mong.
face="Times New Roman Star"*A>n|(k)ytface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"wild duckface="Times New Roman Star"дикая уткаface="Times New Roman Star"an|yt (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"an|yt (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"angut 'огарь', ankyt (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"anqud (Sngl)face="Times New Roman Star"ang|irt 'red duck'
face="Times New Roman Star"an|ytface="Times New Roman Star"anGut-boGaz 'длинношеий'face="Times New Roman Star"an|k 'red duck'face="Times New Roman Star"a:t













face="Times New Roman Star"anqyt, ankit 'ostrich, vulture, dragon'

face="Times New Roman Star"han|qutface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 21, Лексика 172. Doerfer's (TMN 2, 129) PT *an|gyrt is a quite artificial construct: it is based on occasional modern forms (like Uzb. an|g|irt) which reflect a contamination of *an|yt and the borrowed Mong. an|g|yr (with the influence of an|gyrt 'careless'). All old sources (see EDT 176) reflect only *an|yt. (Yak. n/ynta:la 'горбоносый турпан' (Пек.), despite VEWT, < Evk. niltalbuki 'a black duck with white head, from nilta- 'to loose hair', lit. 'bald bird' ТМС I 593; anny, andy < TM *andi; ann/a, ann/aryjar dial. 'a k. of sea bird, морянка' (ДСЯЯ 48) < Mong. an|gir).
face="Times New Roman Star"*a:n|, *a:n|-la-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to understand 2 intelligence 3 to hear 4 to discern (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"1 понимать 2 разум, ум 3 слышать 4 различать (диал.)face="Times New Roman Star"an|la- (OUygh.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"an|la- (MK, KB) 1face="Times New Roman Star"anla- 1face="Times New Roman Star"an|-g|ar- 1face="Times New Roman Star"an| 2, an|la- 1 (Sangl.)
face="Times New Roman Star"an|la- 3face="Times New Roman Star"an|na- 3face="Times New Roman Star"anla- 1face="Times New Roman Star"a:n|la- 1, a:n| 2face="Times New Roman Star"an|dy- 'to look attentively'

face="Times New Roman Star"an|la- 1 ( < Az.)face="Times New Roman Star"ъw|n 2face="Times New Roman Star"an|la:- 4


face="Times New Roman Star"an| 2








face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 20, TMN 2,130, EDT 165, 186, ЭСТЯ 1, 153-154. WMong. an|-z?|ira- 'to know, understand' < Turkic Siberian languages (an|-syra- with the affix of incomplete verb quality); WMong. an|qar- < Turk. *a:n|-gar-.
face="Times New Roman Star"*iak-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to flowface="Times New Roman Star"течьface="Times New Roman Star"aq- (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"aq- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ak-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"aq- (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"o|q-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"ax-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"ax-
face="Times New Roman Star"aq-
face="Times New Roman Star"jox-

face="Times New Roman Star"aq-
face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"aq-
face="Times New Roman Star"aq-face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 77, VEWT 12, ЭСТЯ 1, 118-120, Егоров 352, Федотов 2, 495.
face="Times New Roman Star"*(i)a:kaface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 elder brother; elder uncle; father; grandfather 2 respectful address 3 elderface="Times New Roman Star"1 старший брат; старший дядя; отец; дедушка 2 почтительное обращение 3 старшийface="Times New Roman Star"aqa 1 (OUygh., from I-t half of XIII century, see ДТС)
face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"aqa 1 (Oghuz-nama), ag|a 1 (Abush.), aqa (Pav. C.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"o|g|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"aqa 1,2, qyz ag|a 'тесть' (ЯЖУ 11, 13)face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 2face="Times New Roman Star"a:Ga 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1 ('father's father')face="Times New Roman Star"aqqa 'father's father'face="Times New Roman Star"aqa 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1 ('father'), 3face="Times New Roman Star"aga 'father'face="Times New Roman Star"aqy 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"ag|aj 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"aqa 2 (K), ag|a 2, 3 (K, T)face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 13, ЭСТЯ 1, 70-71, 121-122, Лексика 291, Stachowski 28. Note the expressive gemination of the medial -k- in Tuva and elsewhere.
face="Times New Roman Star"*(i)a:raface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 space between 2 on one's way, under wayface="Times New Roman Star"1 промежуток, пространство между 2 в пути, по дорогеface="Times New Roman Star"ara 1 Orkh., OUygh.face="Times New Roman Star"ara (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"ara (Abush.)face="Times New Roman Star"o|raface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"a:ra 1face="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"ha:ra
face="Times New Roman Star"a:ra 2face="Times New Roman Star"a:ra-k- 'to go away', a:ra:- 'not to reach'face="Times New Roman Star"ara
face="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"a:raface="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"ara
face="Times New Roman Star"araface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 196, VEWT 22, TMN 2, 24, ЭСТЯ 1, 162-164, Stachowski 41. Derived is probably *a:ryk 'island; arik, ditch; thicket' id. (VEWT 23, 25, ЭСТЯ 1, 167, 187-188, Лексика 95, 110, Stachowski 37).
face="Times New Roman Star"*a:r-tface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 back 2 mountain passface="Times New Roman Star"1 спина, задняя сторона; 2 перевалface="Times New Roman Star"art 1, 2 (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"art 1, 2 (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"art (-dy) 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1 (Pav. C.), 2 (Бор. Бад.)face="Times New Roman Star"o|rt 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"ard; art 1face="Times New Roman Star"ard 1face="Times New Roman Star"a:rt 1
face="Times New Roman Star"artyg| 'shoal'face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"ha:rt 1
face="Times New Roman Star"a:rtyk 2
face="Times New Roman Star"a'rt 1face="Times New Roman Star"a'rt 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"a:rd 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"ard/i 1face="Times New Roman Star"art 1face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 200-201, VEWT 26-27, ЭСТЯ 1, 179-180.
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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