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Yenisseian etymology :

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\data\yenisey\yenet
Proto-Yenisseian: *χuχ
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: hole, pore
Ket: qūk, pl. qukśeń5
Yug: xuk, pl. xuksin5 (sometimes xu:n)
Kottish: huk, pl. hūnáŋ
Arin: -quj, -kuj in tímquj, timkuj 'window'
Pumpokol: -kuk in dám-kuk 'window'
Comments: ССЕ 306. See also *dam-χuχ "window". Werner 2, 141 <*quk / *khuk>.
Proto-Yenisseian: *χūj
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: empty
Ket: quj4 (South.); Kur. qu:ji4; Bak., Sur. qu:jǝ4 / qujǝ4
Yug: xu:hj
Kottish: hui
Comments: ССЕ 306. Kottish also has a variant koi 'empty', which makes possible an alternative reconstruction *G[ū]j (see КС 166). Werner 2, 129 <*quʔǝjǝ>.
Proto-Yenisseian: *χūp-
Meaning: staff, pole
Ket: qu:, South. qu: / quɣ4; pl. qūŋ "boat pole"
Yug: xu:hp, pl. xufɨŋ5,6 id.
Kottish: hupuš, pl. hupučaŋ "stick, peg"; hupaŋa "spit"
Comments: ССЕ 306. Werner 2, 140 <*quʔǝphǝ>.
Proto-Yenisseian: *χūǯa
Meaning: pike
Ket: qu:ŕi4 (Kur.), Bak., Sur. qu:dǝ4, South. quŕ4; pl. qukŋ5 (sometimes qūkŋ1)
Yug: xu:ht́, pl. xukŋ5
Kottish: hūja, g. hūjā, pl. hūkŋ; guja (Бол.); Ass. húja (М., Сл., Кл.)
Arin: quj (М., Сл., Кл.), kuj (Лоск.)
Pumpokol: kód́u (Сл.)
Comments: ССЕ 306-307. Werner 2, 131 <*qukǝd'ǝ / *quʔkǝd'a>.
Proto-Yenisseian: *χVʔ-gVĺ (~ -χ-)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: thumb
Ket: qʌ:ĺ, pl. qʌŋgǝl6
Yug: xɔʔl, pl. xo:ĺ
Arin: qólpas (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "fingers"
Comments: ССЕ 307. The Ket plural form qʌŋgǝl is interesting: it shows that we are most probably dealing with a compound, where the first component is *χ[e]ʔ 'big' (which has a plural Ket qēŋ), while the second component is *gVĺ '*finger'. The same form allows to reconstruct a velar *g- in the beginning of the root: in the compound *χ[e]ʔ-gVĺ it was assimilated (*χ[e]ʔ-gVĺ > *χ[e]ʔ-GVĺ), which explains its Inlaut disappearance in Ket-Yug and Arin. Werner's (2, 148) reconstruction of <*qoʔl> 'thumb' (presuming that the Yug form does not reflect a compound) fails to explain the form qʌŋgǝĺ; besides, if the root originally meant "thumb", there would hardly exist a necessity of adding *χ[e]ʔ 'big'.
Proto-Yenisseian: *χVj-
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to be angry
Ket: qʌ́j-beś (Werner 2, 142)
Yug: xʌjbɛt́5
Kottish: haipičáŋ "angry"
Comments: ССЕ 307. Werner 2, 142 (without reconstruction).
Proto-Yenisseian: *χV̄j
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: elk, deer
Ket: qa:ji4 (Kur.); Bak., Sur. qa:jǝ4 /qajǝ4, pl. qi:n3; South. qaj4 'elk'
Yug: xa:hj, pl. xe:n 'elk'
Kottish: hui, pl. huján "deer"; Ass. (М., Сл., Кл.) huj "deer" (cervus)
Arin: okä-ši (Стр.), oka-ši (Лоск.) id., oq́aj-ši (М., Сл., Кл.) 'elk'
Pumpokol: xáju (Сл.) "elk"
Comments: ССЕ 307-308. The vocalic correspondences are unclear. In КС 166 I have reconstructed initial *G- - due to a mixture with a different root, see PY *gǝʔj 'hunting, wild animal'. Werner 2, 62 <*qaʔǝjǝ / *qʌʔǝjǝ> (with the same confusion).
Proto-Yenisseian: *χV(n)t- (?)
Meaning: body
Ket: qontij (Донн.) "обрубок, тело без головы, рук или ног"
Kottish: hitag, hitax, pl. hitagan "body; external"
Comments: ССЕ 307. The comparison is somewhat dubious for phonetic reasons: the vowels do not correspond, and the -nt- cluster should have been preserved in Kottish. Werner 2, 105.
Proto-Yenisseian: *χVr-
Meaning: quick(ly)
Ket: qɨ̄ĺa
Yug: χɨ̄ĺa
Kottish: harā
Comments: Werner 2, 154 (without reconstruction). In ССЕ 255-256 attributed to *χak- which is probably wrong, if we take into account the Kottish form.
Proto-Yenisseian: *χV-ut-
Meaning: to climb (a tree, a mountain)
Ket: qut4 (South,); Kur. qu:t́i4; Bak., Sur. qu:tǝ4//qutǝ4
Yug: xu:ht
Kottish: hantīŋ (inf.); heʔūtaŋ, praet. hēnaʔūtaŋ, imp. hēnćut
Arin: únkut (М., Сл., Кл.) "to go (ехать)"; (М., Сл.) "to go (идти)"
Pumpokol: daŋkájkit (Сл.) "to go (ехать)"
Comments: ССЕ 307. A complex stem containing two components whose individual meanings are so far unclear; in Arin and Pumpokol the verbs meaning "to go (ride)" can be probably identified with the same root. Werner 2, 138 <*quʔǝtǝ> (not mentioning the Kott., Arin and Pump. reflexes - which are given separately and without any comments in 1, 299 and 2, 347).
Proto-Yenisseian: *ʒVl
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: child
Ket: dɨ̄ĺ, pl. dɨĺget5
Yug: dɨl, pl. dɨlǝt5 / dɨĺgǝt5
Kottish: d́al, pl. d́akat "child"; d́aleä, d́äleä "girl"; (Бол.) jali in pašup jali "step-son", alit-äli "girl"; Ass. alit-jali (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "girl"; jali (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "child, boy"
Arin: bi-ḱal (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "boy", biḱál (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "son"; biḱaĺa (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "daughter" (Дульз. biqaĺa "girl"); (Лоск.) akel "son", akelä "daughter"; kalhona (Срсл.) "small", kalqóna (М., Сл., Кл.) id.
Pumpokol: pí-kola "girl, daughter" (Сл., Срсл., Кл.,); xilúŋla (Сл., Срсл.) "child", xiĺuŋdu (Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "small"; akil (Сл.) "elder sister"
Comments: ССЕ 308. Pump. dul (Кл.) "child" is in reality a Yug form. The Ket and Kott. plural is formed as a compound of *ʒVl with *gǝʔt 'children' (q.v.). Werner (2, 219) reluctantly admits that the Kott. form can be related with Ket and Yug and says: "sollte man eher PJ *d'ǝl vermuten" - however, his *d'ǝl ( = our *ǯǝl) would have yielded Yug d'ɨl, not dɨl. The reconstruction *ʒ- (with the reflexes Ket, Yug d- : Kott. d́- : Ar., Pump. k-, quite parallel to those of *c- > Ket, Yug t-: Kott. h-/t-: Ar., Pump. k- (x)-) is therefore inevitable, and there is no need to derive the Arin and Pumpokol forms from PY *qar- 'grandchild'.
Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯa-
Meaning: to put, load
Ket: davíj (Kur.), Bak. dabíj (< dabi:3), pret. d-a:h-b-de, imper. da-l-ɔ́n
Yug: di-d́a:h-b-di 'ich lade es', imper, d́-a-r-diʔ
Comments: Usually in conjunction with *-di 'put' q.v. Werner 1, 178 (without reconstruction).
Proto-Yenisseian: *[ǯ]am-
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: berry
Ket: baŋ-sama (КРС)
Yug: samma5
Kottish: čamar šulpi "Preiselbeere"; thum čamar šulpi "Schwarzbeere"
Comments: ССЕ 308-309. Pump. sammɨ (Срсл.) "grape" is evidently a recording of the Yug form. The Anlaut s- in Ket and Yug is irregular (on analogy with *sǝ̄n- "rowan berry"?). Werner 1, 106, 163 (without comments and reconstruction).
Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯa-qan-
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to roast, fry
Ket: daqqɔt5 (North.); South. daqŋ5
Yug: d́aqŋ5
Kottish: čaiganaŋ "to burn", praet. čalauganaŋ, imp. čalaugan
Comments: ССЕ 309. A complex stem: the second part is evidently *ʔǝqan 'boil' (q.v.). Werner 1, 179 reconstructs <*d'aʔq, plur. *d'aqŋ>, not taking into account the interrupted Kottish paradigm.
Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯaqpuL
Meaning: heap
Ket: dapqul5 (North.), pl. dapqulǝŋ6; South. daqpuĺ5, pl. daqpuĺǝŋ5
Yug: d́axpɨl5, pl. d́axpɨlɨŋ5
Comments: ССЕ 309. Werner 1, 174 *d́aqpǝl (suggesting a compound with bul 'foot' (?)).
Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯām-
Meaning: to bark
Ket: da:mǝ4 (North.), South. dam4
Yug: d́a:hm
Kottish: čam, pl. čamáŋ "barking"; d́ačamaŋ, *d́äčamaŋ "to bark", praet. alaćamaŋ, imp. alćam
Comments: ССЕ 309. Werner 1, 171 <*d'aʔǝmǝ>.
Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯāq-
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to laugh, laugh
Ket: da:ʁǝ4 (North.), South. daʁ4
Yug: d́a:hx
Kottish: čake "laugh", čakājaŋ "to laugh", praet. čakōlajaŋ, imp. čakālče(i); Ass. čakaigán (М., Сл., Кл.), čaxajia (Кл.) "I laugh"
Arin: sója-keaŋ (М., Сл., Кл.) "I laugh"
Pumpokol: jai-či-du (Сл.) "I laugh"
Comments: ССЕ 309. Werner 1, 175 <*d'aʔǝGǝ>.
Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯǟŋ
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to knead, rub
Ket: da:ŋ4, da:ŋǝ4 (North.), South. daŋ4
Yug: d́a:hŋ4; ĺɔŋ-d́aŋ 'to knead with hands' ( = Ket. ĺoŋ-daŋ)
Kottish: b-a-čeŋ-aŋ 'I rub it'
Comments: ССЕ 309. Werner 1, 172 <*d'aʔǝŋǝ>.
Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯeʔŋ
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: people
Ket: dɛʔŋ
Yug: d́ɛʔŋ
Kottish: čeäŋ, *čeaŋ, pl. čeäŋan "folk, people"
Comments: ССЕ 309. A plural form of an unattested *ǯeʔ 'person'.
Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯe-n
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: to weep, cry
Ket: -den
Yug: d-īd́ä (Кастр.), praet. dīrd́ä, imp. igd́ä
Kottish: d́-äčēnaŋ, praet. alačenaŋ, imp. alčen; асс. (Бол.) ečen "I weep", jačeenon (М., Сл., Кл.) "I weep"
Arin: ä́šińaŋ (М., Сл., Кл.) "I weep"; (Лоск.) esende id.
Pumpokol: číin-du (Сл.)
Comments: ССЕ 310. Werner 1, 181-182 *d'en.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-ari,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,
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