CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:382
LANGUAGE:Kolokuma
ALTERNATEN:Ijo
LOCATION:S Nigeria
POPULATION:158,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka
GRAMMAR:Williamson, Kay. 1965. A Grammar of the Kolokuma Dialect of Ijo. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
OTHERSOURC:
Williamson, Kay. 1969. "Ijo," in TNL, 97-114. STAL
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s (h) v z (ɣ) m n ŋ l ɾ
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:f v s z (ɣ) (h)
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃̃ Ĩ (ẽ) ɛ̃ ã ũ ʋ̃ (õ) ɔ̃
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)V(N)
TONES:hi lo downdirft
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:3
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:383
LANGUAGE:Kolokuma
DIALECT:Mein
LOCATION:S Nigeria
POPULATION:158,000 (58,000)
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka
OTHERSOURC:STAL
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb f s h v z ɣ m n l r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES:f v s z ɣ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
TONES:hi mid lo ris fall
NUMBER:384
LANGUAGE:Abure
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
POPULATION:7,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:385
LANGUAGE:Eotile
LOCATION:Ivory Coast
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:386
LANGUAGE:Akan
DIALECT:Fante
LOCATION:S Ghana
POPULATION:2 million
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
DICTIONARY:
Christaller, J. G. 1933. Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language. Basel: Basel Evangelical Missionary Society. Berry, Jack. 1960. English, Twi, Asante, Fante Dictionary. London: Macmillan.
GRAMMAR:
Balmer, W. T. and F. C. F. Grant. 1929. A Grammar of the Fante-Akan Language. London: Atlantic Press. Welmers, William E. 1946. A Descriptive Grammar of Fanti, Supplement to Lg 22:3.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kʷ b d ɡ ɡʷ f s h hʷ m n r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
FRICATIVES:f s h hʷ
NASALS:m n
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:cʷ k ɡ h
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
I ʋ ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ ɔ
NASALVOWEL:Ĩ ã ʋ̃
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
TONES:hi mid lo
NOUNNUMBER:s p
NOUNCLASSE:noun classes
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3hH 6hH H=non-human
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:387
LANGUAGE:Abron
DIALECT:Twi
LOCATION:S Ghana
POPULATION:2 million
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
TEXTBOOKS:
Rapp, E. L. 1948. An Introduction to Twi. London: Longmans. Bellon, Immanuel. 1963. Twi Lessons for Beginners. Accra: Longmans.
OTHERSOURC:Boadi, L. 1963. "Palatality as a Factor in Twi Vowel Harmony," JAL 2, 133-8.
CONSONANTS:
p t k b d ɡ f s h m n (l) r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ
FRICATIVES:f s h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:(l)
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ m n cj k ɡ h n cʷ d k h n
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ æ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ æ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄
NASALVOWEL:
ṽ v̄̃
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
DIPHTHONGS:ae ai ei ɛe oe ɔe oi ui aw ew ɛw iw ɔw uw
TONES:hi mid lo ris fall
NOUNNUMBER:s p
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3hH 6hH H=non-human
SYNTAX:SVO NA ND N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:388
LANGUAGE:Baule
LOCATION:EC Ivory Coast
POPULATION:373,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
GRAMMAR:GD: Carteron, Michel. 1972. Étude de la langue baoulé, 8 vols. Bocanda, Ivory Coast: Mission Catholique.
OTHERSOURC:
Stewart, J. M. 1956. "Notes on Baule Phonology," BSOAS 18, 353-65. Gross, Marcel. 1967. "Essai pour une phonologie de baulé," BSELAF 2. Vogler, P. 1968. "Esquisse d'une phonologie du baoulé," Annales de l'Univ d'Abidjan, Series H, Linguistique, tome 1, fascicule 1, 5-17.
CONSONANTS:
(p) t c k kp b d ɟ ɡ (ɡb) f s v z m n ñ l (r)
STOPS:(p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp (ɡb)
FRICATIVES:f v s z
NASALS:m n ñ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:(r)
GLIDES:j (ɥ) w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)V Nˈ
TONES:hi mid lo ris fall
DEMONSTRAT:2 + ref
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST:PREP/POST
NUMBER:389
LANGUAGE:Anyi
DIALECT:Brissa
LOCATION:Ghana
POPULATION:450,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
GRAMMAR:Chamberlain, G. D. 1930. A Brief Account of the Brissa Language. Accra: Government Printing Office.
CONSONANTS:
p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h z m n ŋ r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s z š h
NASALS:m n ŋ
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:
cj h cʷ č ɡ̌ h
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ æ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ æ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ ẽ æ̃ ũ õ
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND POSS-N N+A+D
PREPPOST:PREP/POST
NUMBER:390
LANGUAGE:Anyi
DIALECT:Sanvi
LOCATION:SE Ivory Coast
POPULATION:450,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
GRAMMAR:Retord, G. n.d. L'Agni: Varieté dialectale Sanvi.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ c k kp ʔ b d̪ ɟ ɡʷ ɡb f s (š) h z m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡʷ kp ɡb ʔ
FRICATIVES:f s z (š) h
NASALS:m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l̪
GLIDES:j ɥ w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ı̃ Ĩ ã ũ ʋ̃
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)V Nˈ
TONES:hi lo
ARTICLES:indef
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST:(PREP)/POST
NUMBER:391
LANGUAGE:Chakosi
LOCATION:N Ghana (Northern)
POPULATION:20,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
DICTIONARY:Krass, A. C. 1970,1973. A Dictionary of the Chokosi Language, 2 vols. Legon, Ghana: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana.
GRAMMAR:Stanford, Ronald and Lyn Stanford. 1970. The Phonology and Grammar of Chakosi. Ghana: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ f s h m n ñ ŋ ŋm l ɾ
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ ŋm
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ l cj p b t d kp ɡb f m n ŋm cʷ p b k ɡ č ɡ̌ s l ŋk ŋɡ Nc p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb č ɡ̌
GLIDES:ɥ w w̥
VOWELS:
i u e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:Ĩ ɛ̃ ã ʋ̃ ɔ̃
SYLLABLE:(C)V(m) Nˈ
TONES:hi lo fall downstep
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N D+N+A+Num
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:392
LANGUAGE:Nzema
LOCATION:SW Ghana (W Western)
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
GRAMMAR:Welman, C. W. n.d. A Preliminary Study of the Nzima Language. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies.
OTHERSOURC:
Chinebuah, I. K. 1963. "The Category of Number in Nzema," JAL 2, 249-59. Language Guide (Nzema Edition). 1967. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Chinebuah, I. K. 1971. "Variable Nouns in Nzema," JAL 10, 42-64.
CONSONANTS:
p t k b d̪ d ɡ č čʷ ɡ̌ ɡ̌ʷ f s š h v z ʁ m n ñ ŋ l l̃ ɹ̣
STOPS:p b d̪ t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌ čʷ ɡ̌ʷ
FRICATIVES:f v s z š ʁ h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l l̃
VIBRANTS:ɹ̣
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄
NASALVOWEL:ṽ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
TONES:hi mid lo
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3hH 6 H=non-human
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:393
LANGUAGE:Ahanta
LOCATION:Ghana
POPULATION:100,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:394
LANGUAGE:Awutu
LOCATION:Ghana
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:395
LANGUAGE:Chiripong
LOCATION:Ghana
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:396
LANGUAGE:Gonja
DIALECT:Hill
LOCATION:SE Ghana
POPULATION:250,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
OTHERSOURC:Painter, Colin. n.d. Fourteen Papers on Gwa.
CONSONANTS:
t̪h kh kp b d (ɡ) (ɡb) č ɡ̌ f s̪ h m n ñ ŋ ŋm l̪
STOPS:b t̪h d kh (ɡ) kp (ɡb)
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s̪ h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ ŋm
LATERALS:l̪
MODIFIEDCO:cʷ kh č ɡ̌ l (ɡ h ñ)
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u I ʋ e o ɛ ɔ æ a
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ æ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:lˈ Nˈ
TONES:hi lo ris fall downstep
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:1
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3ai 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:397
LANGUAGE:Gonja
DIALECT:Gonja
LOCATION:N Ghana (Northern)
POPULATION:250,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo