Phoenician:gr 'lion whelp' (T 67). Attested in KAI 37B 10 (and reconstructed for KAI 37A 16) in the combination klbm wgrm, literally 'dogs and whelps'. Since both terms are expected to denote cultic officials, it is com- monly thought that klb and gr denote various kinds of male cul- tic prostitutes (v. Gibson 1971 130, HJ 232).
Hebrew:gūr 'cub (lion, jackal)', gōr (pl. only) 'lion's cub' (KB 185); pB. 'young animal, whelp, cub' (Ja. 226). A poetic term denoting a lion's cub (gūr ʔaryē) in most ca- ses. It is only in Lam 4.3 that g. is applied to jackal's whelps (gam-tannīn ḥālǝṣū šad // hēnīḳū gūrēhän 'even the jackals draw out their brest // and feed their whelps')
Aramaic:D.-Alla gr 'whelp' (Hackett 1980 128). In I.10 (gry š[ʕl] 'whelps of a fox')
Judaic Aramaic:gūr(ā) 'young animal, whelp' (Ja. 226), guryā 'cub, young lion', guryǝtā 'a young female cub (dog or lion)' (ibid. 227), all forms in Levy WTM I 315 (translated as 'junges Thier'); gwr 'whelp, young animal' (Sok. 124), guryā 'lion cub', gūrītā 'female cub' (Sok. B 272)
Modern Aramaic:gurya 'puppy, small dog' (Kr. 127), N.-Syr. güryâ 'a whelp, a puppy' (M 48), N.-Ass. gyurya 'cur, bear cub' (Tser. 048)
Mandaic Aramaic:guria 'whelp, cur, young dog, pariah-dog' (DM 85)
Arabic:ǯarw-, ǯirw-, ǯurw- 'petit de chien, de lion ou de toute autre bête carnassière' (BK 1 283, Fr. I 271, Lane 415, LA XIV 139)
Tigre:gǝrǯǝn, pl. gäräggǝn 'cub of lions or of leopards' (LH 578). The word-final -n is probably to be regarded as a result of dissimilation (*gurgur > *gurgun). It can be considered, alter- natively, as a suffixal element but the semi-reduplicated base *gurg- presupposed by this analysis is rather unusual
Harsusi:yéru 'puppy' (JH 41). Almost certainly an Arabism
Notes:Only forms with the meaning 'cub, whelp' have been listed in the main section of the present entry (one wonders whether Tgr. kärakur 'young dog', LH 401 and Tna. kurkur 'puppy, lion cub, whelp', K Tna 1602 are related as a variant root with k- instead of g-). At the same time, other phonetically comparable terms are attested in several Sem. languages but the semantic aspect of their comparison to the present root is far from transparent: they denote either adult predatory animals or the young ones of other species (including human children). The first group is formed by Akk. girru 'lion' SB (CAD G 94) and Har. gärgōra (also gängōra) 'leopard' (LH 75, with a refe- rence to Cerulli who considered this term to be a Cushitism). It is worth noting that the Akk. term (transcribed by von Soden as gerru) is rendered as 'Raubtierjunges' in AHw. 285 which is har- dly justified (for a detailed discussion see Landsberger 1934 77: "Nichts spricht allerdings dafür, dass girru das Löwenjunge bezeichnete"; cf. also Salonen 1976 200). Cf. also the element gʷärä in the composed terms for fox, jackal in Gurage: Msq. yägʷärägǝyä, Cha. Eža Muh. yägʷärägʷǝyä, Cha. ägʷärägʷǝyä, Gyt. Muh. ǝngʷärägʷǝyä, Enm. ǝ̃ngʷärägʷǝyä (LGur. 287, with discussion; according to Leslau, the meaning of gʷǝyä is un- clear). The second group is formed by the Eth. terms for young elephant (Tgr. goro, LH 572 and Amh. goro, K 1925) and such ge- neral terms for 'young being' as ǯirwat- 'petit fruit, fruit en- core petit' (BK 1 283) and ǯariyy- 'jeune, adolescent, qui pa- raît jeune' (ibid. 285) in Arabic. Moab. gr 'young boy' (HJ 232) may also belong here (attested in the pl. grn in KAI 181:16; the meaning is uncertain, according to KAI, to be rather identified with Hbr. gēr 'client'). Unless the two groups of terms are considered to be mutually unrelated (which does not seem likely), one has to assume that the original meaning 'young of a wild cat' was subsequently generalized into 'wild cat' in some languages and 'young of an animal' in others. Fron. 292: *gurw- 'cucciolo' (Arb., Syr., Hbr., Akk.); DLU 177: Akk., Hbr., Pho., Moab., Arm., Arb., Hrs., Amh. (goro), Tgr. (goro); KB 185: Hbr., Arm., Arb., Akk., Moab.; Brock. 130: Syr., Hbr., Arb., Akk.
Hebrew:ʔī (only in the pl. ʔiyyīm) 'jackal' [KB 38]. // A rare term denoting (animal?) beings inhabiting ruins (Is 13.22, 34.14, Jr 50.39); precise meaning cannot be established.
Arabic:ʔibnu-l-ʔāwan, pl. banātu-l-ʔāwā 'animal regardé comme un mélange né d'un chien et d'un renard' [BK 1 72], [Fr. I 73], [Lane 131], [LA XIV 55] (with a detailed discussion, thought to be derived from the sound wāwā produced by the animal). More details see in [Hommel 306].
Akkadian:parû 'Onager, Maultier' OB on [AHw. 837]. The meaning 'mule' is ascribed by von Soden to almost all the attestations listed in AHw. One wonders for what reason an exception is made for ARM 1 132:5 (cf. the transation 'mulets' in the edition and [Durand 1997 338]). See further [Salonen Hip- pologica 74-5]. The form paraḫu 'ein Wildesel' [AHw. 827] is known from the right column of Malku ([pa]-ra-ḫu = a-ga-lum, MSL 8/2 74.41) being, with all likelyhood, a WS (loan)word.
Ugaritic:pri
Hebrew:pärä(ʔ) 'wild ass' [KB 961] (with an orthographic variant pärä(h) in Jr 2.24), pB. [Ja. 1213]. A widely used poetic term; the most archaic attestation might be Gn 16.12 where the enigmatic expression pärä(ʔ) ʔādām is used about Ismael (cf. also Jb 11.12, for which see [Pope 83]). Of interest is the proverbial saying Jb 6.5 (hăyinhaḳ pärä(ʔ) ʕălē däšä(ʔ) // ʔim yigʕǟ šōr ʕal-bǝlīlō 'Does p. bray over the grass? Does the ox low over his fodder?') where p. clearly replaces the usual term for the domestic ass (ḥămōr). Cf. the translation 'Does the ass bray over his grass?' in [Pope 48] and contrast Jb 39.5ff. where p. is paralleled by rēm 'wild bull'. Outside the corpus of the Hebrew Bible p. is attested in Sir 13.19 (mʔkl ʔry prʔy mdbr 'a lion's food are the donkeys of the steppe').
Hebrew:pārāš 'team of horses, horses for a chariot; horseman' [KB 977]. According to [KB], all the textual attestations of p. belong to one lexeme whereas in [BDB 832] two lexemes are postulated: a primary noun (< *paraš-) and a derived nomen professionis (< *parrā̆š-). In the pl., only pārāšīm (< *parrā̆šīma) and not (*pǝrāšīm < *parā̆šīma) is attested which means that *paraš- was ousted by *parraš- at least by the epoque of the Massoretic vocalization (note that only the meaning 'horseman, knight' is attested in Hbr. pB. according to [Ja. 1243]). The meaning 'horse' for p. is postulated in a limited number of passages where it is paralleled by the main Hbr. term for (sūs), e.g. Jo 2.4: kǝmarʔē sūsīm marʔēhū // ūkǝpārāšīm kēn yǝrūṣūn 'they look like horses // and like p. they run'. See further [TDAT VI 782ff.].
Arabic:faras- 'cheval ou jument', farasat- 'jument' [BK 2 568], [LA VI 159] (see further [Hommel 44ff.]).
Epigraphic South Arabian:Sab. frs1 'horse/mare; cavalryman, cavalry' [SD 46]. Qat. frs1 'Pferd' [Sima 71]. Hdr. ʔfrs1-n (pl.) 'Pferdeleiter' [ibid.]. The Hdr. and the Qat. terms are attested once in the respective languages whereas many dozens of examples are known for the Sab. terms (all passages and discussion v. in [Sima 63ff.]). Note that according to Sima the form ʔfrs1-n 'cavalry, horsemen' (Ja 1817 1-2) quoted in [Ricks 131] is Sabaic and not Qatabanian.
Geʕez (Ethiopian):faras 'horse' [LGz. 166].
Tigre:färäs 'horse' [LH 656].
Tigrai (Tigriñña):färäs 'cavallo' [Bass. 989].
Amharic:färäs 'horse, stallion' [K 2279].
Harari:Cf. färäz 'horse' [LHar. 65] (a Cushitism?).
Gurage:Sod. färäs (rest of Gur. färäz 'horse') [LGur. 244].
Mehri:fǝrháyn 'mare; horse' [JM 98].
Harsusi:ferhín 'mare; horse' [JH 34].
Notes:As rightly stressed in [Sima 71-2], the Eth. and MSA cognates seem to be quite deeply rooted in the respective branches of Semitic so that no borrowing from a WS source is conceivable. Soq. fírehim 'fille, jeune fille' [LS 341] is sometimes identified with the above MSA forms with a meaning shift. There is hardly any reason to connect with the present root Ugr. prs in KTU 4.392.1 (lḫmš mrkbt ḫmš ʕšrh prs 'for 5 chariots 15 p.') as it was suggested in [Dietrich-Loretz 193ff.], cf. more recent tranlsations like 'una pieza de carro' in [DLU 355] and 'die Masseinheit *parīsu' in [Tropper UG 43]. [LGz. 166]: Gez., Eth., Arb., ESA, Mhr., Arm., Hbr.; [KB 977]: Hbr., Arm., Arb., Gez., Tgr., ESA; [Brock. 609]: Syr., Arm., Arb., Hbr., Gez.
Akkadian:damdammu (damdāmu, daddāmu) 'a mule' Mari, NA [CAD d 64]
Number:212
Number:213
Proto-Semitic:*ɣadir-
Meaning:'herd'
Akkadian:? adrû (atrû) in immer adrê 'sheep with ibex horns' SB Sum. lw. < á.dara4 'with ibex horns' CAD a1, 131ꜣ c̣f. ḫadiru 'Schafhürde' AHw 307 (<aram.), 'pen for small cattle' NB CAD ḫ 23
Phoenician:ʕdr 'herd' Tomb., 238
Hebrew:ʕēdär 'herd' HAL 793
Aramaic:SamP., Eg.-Arm. ʕdr id. ibid.
Judaic Aramaic:ʕädrā id. ibid.
Arabic:ɣadīrat- 'bête qui est restée derrière le gros du troupeau; brebis, chamelle, etc,, restée en arrière' BK 2 439; cf. ɣdr 'rester en arrière de quelqu'un, derrière le troupeau; ê. rassasié, av. mangé beaucoup de plantes dès le commencement du printemps (se dit des troupeaux)' ibid. 438-9
Arabic:kawr- 'troupeau nombreux (de chameaux, de boeufs)' (BK 2 942, Fr. IV 69, LA V 155), 'herd (of camels or gazelles, containing 150-200 animals)' (WKAS K 429)
Akkadian:šūru 'bull' Ur III on [CAD š3 369], [AHw. 1287]. A rare term poetic word found in the OB hymn to Adad (šūr šamāʔī 'bull the heavens', CT 15 4 II 3) as well as in Sennaherib inscription OIP 2 45 V 87 (kīma šūrī marûti ša nadû šummannu 'like fattened bulls which were tethered'). In lexical lists equated to alpu. Ur III attestations are in proper names only.
Eblaitic:šu-lum = GU4.TUR [MEE 4 1386]. Normalized as /t_ō/ūrum/ in [Kreb. 24], rendered as 'Jung(-Stier)' [ibid.], 'toro' in [Sanmartín 210]. The reading ḫum for the second sign proposed by the publisher is not correct.
Ugaritic:t_r 'toro' [DLU 505]. A widely used literary term, also in the fixed expression t_r ʔil 'Ilu the Bull' (cf. hm yd ʔil mlk yḫssk // ʔahbt t_r tʕrrk 'does the love of Ilu the king arouse you? // the love of the Bull excite you?' in 1.4 IV 39). In 1.15 IV 6,8 and 1.15 IV 17,19 t_. appear (together with t_̣by 'deer') as a social designa- tion (cf. [Miller 178]).
Hebrew:šōr 'one single beast, bovid' [KB 1451], pB. [Ja. 1541]. As pointed out in [Péter 492-3], š. is used to denote a single animal (in opposition to the collective bāḳār) without any special stress on gender or sex. As all nomina unitatis, šōr is not used in the plural (šǝwārīm in Hos 12.12 is highly unu- sual and is probably due to text corruption, cf. [Péter 494]).
Aramaic:Sml. šwrh 'cow' [HJ 1118]. In KAI 215:6 (šʔh wšwrh wḥṭh wšʕrh) and the parallel passage ibid. 9. The interpretation of šʔh and šwrh as 'ewe' and 'cow' proposed in [HJ] and recently supported in [Tropper Zincirli 110] is certainly preferable to their identification with some kinds of cereals suggested in [KAI 223, 226]. Anc. swr,šwrh 'ox, bull; cow' [HJ 1118]. The form swr is found in Tell-Fakhariyye 20 (wmʔh swr lhynḳn ʕgl wʔl yrwy 'hundred cows will suckle a calf, but he will not be sated', paralleled by Akk. 1 ME GU4.ÁB, cf. [STF 66]). The form šwrh occurrs in KAI 222 A:23 и B:1 (wšbʕ šwrh yhynḳn ʕgl wʔl yšbʕ 'seven cows will suckle a calf, but he will not be sated', v. [Fitzmyer 80-1]) and in Bukan 5 (in a similar context, v. [Sokoloff Bukan 107]). Off. twr 'bull, ox' [HJ 1118]. In Frah VII 2 (twrʔ, twlʔ = gai), v. [Nyberg 69]. Plm. twr 'bull, ox' [HJ 1118], 'bull, ox (divine title ?); beef' [PAT 418]. Dem. twr 'bovine' [HJ 1266].
Biblical Aramaic:tōr 'ox, bull' [KB 2005]. In Da 4.22,29,30 и 5.21 (ʕisbā kǝtōrīn lāk yǝṭaʕămūn 'they will feed you with grass like oxen' and similar) and Ezr 6.9,17 and 7.17 (among sacrificial animals).
Arabic:t_awr- 'taureau; chef, maître', t_awrat- 'vache' [BK 1 242], [Fr. I 234], [Lane 364], [LA IV 111] (v. [Hommel 224ff.]).
Epigraphic South Arabian:Sab. t_wr, t_r 'bull; bull-satuette' [SD 152]. Qat. t_wr 'steer, bull' [Ricks 179]. Min. t_wr 'taureau' [LM 99]. All ESA passages are discussed in [Sima 146-158]. The use of t_wr in the compound divine name t_wr bʕlm is interesting in view of the Ugr. evidence above (note that according to Sima the tra- ditional interpretation of t_wr bʕlm as "Bull of the Arable Lands" is hardly correct).
Geʕez (Ethiopian):sor,ŝor 'ox, bull' [LGz. 511], sǝwār 'fat ox' [ibid.]. The star name sawr 'Taurus' [ibid. 521] is an obvious Arabism (the same is true about Amh. säwr 'Taurus (zodiac)' [K 571]).
Tigre:sor 'ox' [LH 193].
Tigrai (Tigriñña):sor 'castrato di capre' [Bass. 176]. With a meaning shift 'castrated bull' > 'castrated goat'.
