Тамильские производные:aritu that which is difficult, rare, precious; ariya difficult; arumai rareness, smallness; difficulty; arumanta rare, precious; aruku (aruki-) to become scarce, diminished, be reduced, happen rarely, disappear; arukku (arukki-) to make scarce, reduce, put a stop to, destroy; regard as precious; n. scarceness; arukkam smallness, brevity; arukkāṇi rareness, preciousness; aruŋku, aruntal, aruvam rareness; aruppam difficulty, fort; (PPTI) aruppu the natural protection of a forest; arakku (arakki-) to cause to diminish; āri difficulty; āriya little, delicate
Малаялам:aru
Малаяльское значение:rare, unusual, impossible
Малаяльские производные:ariya rare, uncommon; aruma, arima superiority, importance; difficulty; arippam difficulty; arutu what ought not to be, impossibility; arukuka to diminish
Каннада:aradu, aridu, arudu
Каннада значение:that is impossible, wonderful, great or important
Тулу:arkuni
Тулу значение:to become less, be humbled, depressed
Тамильское значение:a plough with bullocks, etc. complete
Комментарии:An isolated Tamil form, compared in DEDR with Malto are 'plough'. Proto-Dravidian status is hardly likely. The obvious comparison is with PIE *ar(ǝ)- 'to plough', although it is unclear how the actual forms could have reached the Dravidian area, since the root is not found in Indo-Iranian.
Номер по DED:0198
Праюжно-дравидийский:*ara-
Значение:file (n.)
Тамильский:aram
Тамильское значение:file, rasp
Тамильские производные:arāvu (arāvi-), irāvu (irāvi-) to file, polish, rub, grate
Комментарии:Probably an old (PSDR or older) nominal derivative of *arai- 'to rub, grind'. Tamil and Malayalam forms in i- are, however, quite mysterious, because even in reduced position Tam. a- is never known to be neutralised with i-.
Комментарии:Since it is hard to suppose that Tam. araci < Skt. rājñī-, one has to assume a back-formation in South Dravidian itself (where the formant -i was indeed used to produce female gender), for *araçi- as well as the abstract noun *araç[u]. The compound *ara-manai, in the light of the archaic Tamil form, should be traced back to *araṇ-manai and then to Skt. śaraṇa-. Cf. also Tel. arusu (the borrowing may date back to the period of SDR-Telugu unity).
Комментарии:A complicated case. Tam. aracu should point to *araç- as the PDR stem, which would not be very compatible with Kan. arase, arise < *araçai, not to mention the rest of the forms. However, I suspect that already on the PSDR level this root must have contaminated with *araça- 'king' (Ficus religiosa being seen as a 'kingly' tree), and this explains such forms as Tam. and Mal. aracu, reinterpreted as simply 'king', and Mal. arayāl, araśāl, from *araça- 'king' + *āl- 'banyan = Ficus bengalensis'. That there actually was an original *araçai 'Ficus religiosa' is confirmed by external data, which is hard to trace back to *araça- 'king'.
Номер по DED:0202
Праюжно-дравидийский:*arai
Значение:trunk of tree
Тамильский:arai
Тамильское значение:trunk of tree
Каннада:araḷe
Каннада значение:post, pillar, statue
Комментарии:A rather poorly distributed root, and the derivational model in Kannaḍa is unclear. The Kannaḍa word does seem, however, to be related to Tel. rāḍu 'post, pillar'.
Тамильские производные:(-pp-, -tt-) to grind, pulverize, destroy by rubbing, mash, destroy, clear of seeds, gin; araippu grinding, pulverizing; aravu (aravi-) to torment (cf. Tu.); arakku (arakki-) to rub with the palm of hand or the sole of foot, ruin, cause trouble to; araŋku (araŋki-) to suffer, be destroyed; arantai affliction, trouble; aruvu (aruvi-) to wear away (as a flood erodes a river's banks), afflict
Малаялам:arayuka
Малаяльское значение:to be bruised
Малаяльские производные:aravu grinding; arekka to grind to powder; arappu powdering; araŋŋuka, arakkuka bruising gently to remove the husk by rubbing
Каннада:are (arad-)
Каннада значение:to grind, pulverize, crush; n. state of being ground, etc.
Каннада производные:arayisu, arisu to cause to grind, etc.; arata act of grinding; ari to grind on a slab, rub cotton with the feet in cleaning it; (Hav.) araccu to crush; (Hav.) arappu coconut paste
Кодагу:ara- (arap-, arat-)
Кодагу значение:to grind with roller stone, mix up in a paste in preparing curry spices
Тулу:arepuni, arepini, areyuni, arevuni
Тулу значение:to pulverize by pounding or grinding, oppress
Тулу производные:arepāvuni to cause to grind; arepu, arepelụ act of grinding, that which is ground for condiment; areñcuni to rub off, peel, skin; araḍuni to rub
Комментарии:Most of the derivative stems can be traced back to *arai- with consonantal extensions. Tamil aruvu 'to wear away' may have appeared under the influence of aruvu 'to flow down (of spring)'.
Комментарии:Most probably the same root as *arai 'half' = 'middle of the body'.
Номер по DED:0230
Праюжно-дравидийский:*arak-
Значение:lac, wax
Тамильский:arakku
Тамильское значение:lac, sealing-wax, shellac, or resin melted with turpentine
Тамильские производные:arakkam shellac
Малаялам:arakku
Малаяльское значение:gumlac, sealing-wax
Каннада:aragu
Каннада значение:gumlac, sealing-wax
Тулу:arakụ, aragụ
Тулу значение:gumlac, sealing-wax
Комментарии:The word is obviously connected with Old Indian alakta- 'red substance, prob. lac or lac dye' (Turner 695); lākṣā́-, rākṣā́- 'lac, red dye' (Turner 11002). The direction of the borrowing seems to be from Indo-Aryan into Dravidian, given several potential IE etymologies for the Old Indian word and no Dravidian parallels outside SDR. The prothetic a- in Dravidian is quite regular in such cases (see *arac- 'king').
Комментарии:The forms in Tulu hardly belong here; the correspondence "most SDR languages 0- / Tulu n-" is unparalleled, and even the semantics of the Tulu root are different.
Малаяльское значение:green house lizard, L. interpunctula
Каннада:araṇe, rāṇe, rāṇi
Каннада значение:greenish kind of lizard which is said to poison by licking, L. interpunctula
Тулу:araṇe
Тулу значение:Lacerta interpunctula
Комментарии:Forms with syncopation in Kannaḍa formally look like they could have been borrowed from Telugu, but the root is not actually attested in Telugu.
Номер по DED:0204
Праюжно-дравидийский:*aratai
Значение:galangal
Тамильский:arattai
Тамильское значение:galangal, Alpinia
Малаялам:aratta
Малаяльское значение:Alpinia galanga
Комментарии:A Tamil-Malayalam isogloss.
Номер по DED:0206
Праюжно-дравидийский:*arau-
Значение:to spring out (water)
Тамильский:aruvu (aruvi-)
Тамильское значение:to spring out and gently flow down
Тамильские производные:aruvi waterfall, spring at the foot of a hill
Малаялам:aruvuka
Малаяльское значение:to spring out and flow down gently
Каннада значение:a torrent that has ceased from flowing or is checked in its course
Каннада производные:(PBh.) arvi constant descent of water, waterfall; (Hav.) abbi a tiny waterfall
Тулу:arbi
Тулу значение:water collected in an elevated place
Тулу производные:arbi kītuni water to fall in broken streams over a small height; (B-K.) arabi, arbi waterfall
Разное:KUR (LSB) ebbi waterfall; KOR (O) arbili water particles drifting in when it rains
Комментарии:The nominal derivative *arav-i < *arau-i 'waterfall' is well reconstructible for PSDR. Auslaut -au- is proposed on the basis of the verbal stem in -(u)v- in Tamil.
Тамильские производные:(-pp-, -tt-) to gnaw as white ants; n. cutting; ari vāḷ billhook, sickle, garden knife; arivi reaped corn, handful of reaped grain; aruvi stubble of Indian millet; arakku (arakki-) to clip off, prune, cut, sever
Малаялам:ariyuka
Малаяльское значение:to reap corn, cut grass, cut very small, hack to pieces
Малаяльские производные:ari vāḷ sickle, reaping hook; arikka to gnaw as vermin; arakkuka to cut, chop off, sever; araŋŋuka to cut or chop off (the branches of trees or plants)
Каннада:ari (arid-)
Каннада значение:to cut or lop off; n. cutting off, gnawing as vermin, a handful or more of corn cut at one stroke
Каннада производные:arisu to cause to cut off; arivāḷ, aruvāḷ sickle
