Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 姆

Modern (Beijing) reading: mǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: mǝ̄ʔs

Classic Old Chinese: mǝ̄h

Western Han Chinese: mǝ̄h

Eastern Han Chinese: mǝ̄h

Early Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄̀j

Middle Chinese: mʌ̀w

English meaning : female instructor, aged woman [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) наставница; 2) мамка (сиделка, акушерка); 3) жена старшего брата мужа

Comments: The word is obviously derived from 母 *mǝ̄ʔ 'mother' q.v. Since Jin another word is attested: 姥 with a reading MC mó, Mand. mǔ 'old woman'. It is probably just a dialectal or expressive variant of 母 (but it has influenced the reading of 姆 in Mand.). The standard reading of 姆 in Viet. is mẫu, while 姥 is read as lão (corresponding to a Northern Chin. reading lǎo due to confusion with 老 'old').

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 4760

Karlgren code: 0947 f

Vietnamese reading: mụ

Character: 姐

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiě

Russian meaning[s]: 1) старшая сестра; 2) вежл. сестрица (обращение к молодым женщинам и девушкам)

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 612

Character: 姍

Modern (Beijing) reading: shan

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 始

Modern (Beijing) reading: shǐ

Preclassic Old Chinese: ƛǝʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ƛǝ́

Western Han Chinese: l̥ǝ́

Eastern Han Chinese: śǝ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: śɨ́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: śɨ́

Late Postclassic Chinese: śɨ́

Middle Chinese: śɨ́

English meaning : to begin, commence

Russian meaning[s]: 1) начало; начинать(ся); положить начало; вначале, сначала; впервые; 2) некогда, когда-то; 3) Ши (фамилия); [shì shǐ] только тогда, и только так

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 1439

Shijing occurrences: 34.3

Character: 姓

Modern (Beijing) reading: xìng

Preclassic Old Chinese: seŋs

Classic Old Chinese: seŋh

Western Han Chinese: seŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: sjeŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: sjèŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sjèŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: sjèŋ

Middle Chinese: sjèŋ

English meaning : family, kinsmen; nobility

Russian meaning[s]: 1) носить фамилию; фамилия; 2) род; из рода; потомки

Shuowen gloss: 人所生也.古之神聖人.母感天而生子.故稱天子.因生以為姓.從女生.生亦聲.春秋傳曰.天子因生以賜姓. [612]

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 391

Karlgren code: 0812 q-r

Jianchuan Bai: śɛ̃2

Dali Bai: śer2

Bijiang Bai: čher2

Shijing occurrences: 11.2_

Character: 姊

Modern (Beijing) reading: zǐ

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćǝjʔ (~ -j)

Classic Old Chinese: cǝ́j

Western Han Chinese: cǝ́j

Eastern Han Chinese: cjǝ́j

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjíj

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjíj

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjí

Middle Chinese: cjí

English meaning : elder sister; cousin (Schuessler)

Russian meaning[s]: старшая сестра, см. 姐

Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is ti`.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 4644

Karlgren code: 0554 b-c

Vietnamese reading: chị

Shijing occurrences: 39.2_

Character: 妯

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhóu

Preclassic Old Chinese: ƛhu

Classic Old Chinese: ƛhu

Western Han Chinese: ƛhǝw

Eastern Han Chinese: l̥ǝw

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṭhiw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṭhǝw

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṭhǝw

Middle Chinese: ṭhǝw

English meaning : be agitated, anxious

Russian meaning[s]: невестка, жена брата

Comments: Also read *Łhu, MC ḍǝw id.; modern zhóu is irregular.

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 1811

Karlgren code: 1079 e

Character: 妳

Modern (Beijing) reading: nǐ

Preclassic Old Chinese: n(h)ējʔ

Classic Old Chinese: n(h)ḗ

Western Han Chinese: n(h)ḗ

Eastern Han Chinese: n(h)iḗ

Early Postclassic Chinese: n(h)iḗj

Middle Postclassic Chinese: n(h)iḗj

Late Postclassic Chinese: n(h)iḗj

Middle Chinese: níej

English meaning : mother [MC]

Comments: The character is first encountered within a name in bronze inscriptions.

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0359 d-f

Character: 姒

Modern (Beijing) reading: sì

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhǝʔ

Classic Old Chinese: lhǝ́

Western Han Chinese: lhǝ́

Eastern Han Chinese: zhjǝ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: zhjɨ́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhjɨ́

Late Postclassic Chinese: zhjɨ́

Middle Chinese: zjɨ́

English meaning : wife of elder brother

Russian meaning[s]: 1) старшая невестка, жена старшего из братьев; 2) старшая сестра; 3) Сы (фамилия)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 7808

Karlgren code: 0976 i-j

Character: 孟

Modern (Beijing) reading: mèng

Preclassic Old Chinese: mrāŋs

Classic Old Chinese: mrāŋh

Western Han Chinese: mrāŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: mrēŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: mẹ̄̀ŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mẹ̄̀ŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: mẹ̄̀ŋ

Middle Chinese: mạ̈̀iŋ

English meaning : the eldest (of siblings)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) старший сын; старший; старшинство; 2) первый; начало; 3) грубый, неотесанный; 4) Мэнцзы (философский трактат IV в. до н. э.); 5) Мэн (фамилия)

Comments: Related to 兄 *smraŋ 'elder brother' q. v. In later epochs the word is sometimes used with the meaning 'rough, rude; strong, robust' (thus also in Viet.) - which may actually reflect a contamination with (or a derivation from) 猛 *mrāŋʔ q.v. For *m cf. Xiamen biŋ⁶, Chaozhou meŋ⁴, Fuzhou maiŋ⁶.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 39

Four-angle index: 678

Karlgren code: 0761 e-f

Vietnamese reading: mạnh

Shijing occurrences: 48.1, 48.2, 48.3

Character: 孤

Modern (Beijing) reading: gū

Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷā

Classic Old Chinese: kwā

Western Han Chinese: kā

Eastern Han Chinese: kā

Early Postclassic Chinese: kō

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kō

Late Postclassic Chinese: kō

Middle Chinese: ko

English meaning : be solitary, alone; fatherless, orphan

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сирота; одинокий; горемычный; 2) единичный; один; изолированный, отрезанный, осажденный; 3) оказаться недостойным (напр. чьей-л. доброты); оказаться неблагодарным; 4) я (удельный князь о себе); 5) выдаваться; 6) театр. амплуа чиновника

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 39

Four-angle index: 4869

Karlgren code: 0041 c

Character: 季

Modern (Beijing) reading: jì

Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷijs (~ -ts)

Classic Old Chinese: kwić

Western Han Chinese: kwjǝś

Eastern Han Chinese: kjwǝś

Early Postclassic Chinese: kjwiś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kjwìj

Late Postclassic Chinese: kjwì

Middle Chinese: kjwì

English meaning : be youngest, young

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сезон, квартал; период; 2) конечный, последний; быть последним (в чем-л.); 3) младший; юный; 4) Цзи (фамилия)

Comments: [? Tib. khjeu 'small child, youngster']

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 39

Four-angle index: 3075

Shijing occurrences: 15.3

Character: 宗

Modern (Beijing) reading: zōng

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćūŋ

Classic Old Chinese: cūŋ

Western Han Chinese: cǝ̄uŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: cǝ̄uŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: cǝ̄uŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cǝ̄uŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: cōŋ

Middle Chinese: coŋ

English meaning : lineage, royal clan, clan; lineage founder, high ancestor, venerable one; ancestral temple; ancestral; to venerate, honor

Russian meaning[s]: 1) храм предков; предок; родоначальник; глава; главный, основной; 2) род; сородичи; члены рода; родовой; 3) признать своим главой; почитать (уважать) как родоначальника; 4) учение, школа, направление; догма; доктрина; секта; 5) сорт; разряд; партия (товаров); штука; 6) Цзун (фамилия)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 8184

Shijing occurrences: 15.3

Character: 定

Modern (Beijing) reading: dìng

Preclassic Old Chinese: dēŋs

Classic Old Chinese: dēŋh

Western Han Chinese: dēŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: diēŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: diḕŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: diḕŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: diḕŋ

Middle Chinese: dìeŋ

English meaning : to sit down, settle down; settle, determine

Russian meaning[s]: 1) утвердить; установить; твердый, стабильный, неизменный; 2) решить; определить, дать определение; наметить; назначить; 3) успокоить; усмирить, утихомирить; спокойный, смирный; 4) обязательно, непременно; определенно, наверняка; 5) заказать, дать заказ; подписаться; 6) заключить помолвку, обручиться; 7) глагольный суффикс, указывающий на стабильность действия

Shuowen gloss: 安也.從**.正聲. [339]

Comments: Also read *tēŋ-s 'top, forehead; the constellation Pegasus in the 14th and 15th xiu or celestial segment'. OC *dēŋ-s is possibly connected with 整 *teŋʔ (q.v.) 'arrange, dispose'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 5874

Karlgren code: 0833 |z-a ́

Vietnamese reading: d_ịnh

Shijing occurrences: 11.2_, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 50.1

Character: 官

Modern (Beijing) reading: guān

Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷān

Classic Old Chinese: kwān

Western Han Chinese: kwān

Eastern Han Chinese: kwān

Early Postclassic Chinese: kwān

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwān

Late Postclassic Chinese: kwān

Middle Chinese: kwân

English meaning : office, magistrate; an official

Comments: Used also in a more abstract sense: 'function, organ' (e.g. 'sense organ' etc.).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0157 a-d

Vietnamese reading: quan

Jianchuan Bai: kuã4

Dali Bai: kua5

Bijiang Bai: qõ4

Character: 宜

Modern (Beijing) reading: yí

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋaj

Classic Old Chinese: ŋaj

Western Han Chinese: ŋaj

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋe

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋe

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋe

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋe

Middle Chinese: ŋe

English meaning : be correct, proper, right; ought

Russian meaning[s]: 1) соответствовать, подходить; годный, подходящий (для чего-л.); 2) доставлять удовольствие (радость); 3) должно, следует; 4) наладить, урегулировать; 5) И (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 所安也.從**之下,一之上.多省聲. [340]

Comments: Viet. ngay is an archaic loan; standard Sino-Viet. is nghi. For *ŋ- cf. Min forms: Xiamen gi², Chaozhou ŋi², Fuzhou ŋie², Jianou ŋi⁹. Shuowen considers 多 to be phonetic here, which is hardly correct (it is rather a semantic element: "much under the roof" = "reason, correctness"). Related to 義 *ŋaj-s 'righteous, true' q.v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 620

Karlgren code: 0021 a-g

Vietnamese reading: ngay

Shijing occurrences: 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 35.1, 47.1_

Character: 宙

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: Łhus

Classic Old Chinese: Łhuh

Western Han Chinese: Łhǝwh

Eastern Han Chinese: lhǝwh

Early Postclassic Chinese: dhìw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhǝ̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: dhǝ̀w

Middle Chinese: ḍǝ̀w

English meaning : canopy of heaven, world [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: вселенная; бесконечный; вечность

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 1814

Karlgren code: 1079 g

Character: 宛

Modern (Beijing) reading: wǎn

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔʷanʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ʔwán

Western Han Chinese: ʔwán

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔwán

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔwán

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔwǝ́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔwǝ́n

Middle Chinese: ʔwǝ́n

English meaning : be small

Russian meaning[s]: 1) как будто, похоже; в точности; 2) маленький; нежный; слабый; 3) кривой, извилистый; 4) Вань (фамилия)

Comments: Also used for homonymous *ʔʷanʔ 'piled up, pent up'; *ʔʷanʔ 'be pliable, supple; to wither, elude'. The latter meaning is probably a variation of the basic meaning 'be curved, crooked', which is witnessed in texts only since Late Zhou. Standard Sino-Viet. is uyê`n.

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 7035

Karlgren code: 0260 b

Vietnamese reading: uốn

Character: 尚

Modern (Beijing) reading: shàng

Preclassic Old Chinese: d(h)aŋs

Classic Old Chinese: d(h)aŋh

Western Han Chinese: d(h)aŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ́(h)aŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)àŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)àŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)àŋ

Middle Chinese: ʒ́àŋ

English meaning : perhaps basically 'to continue, still; consider to continue, hope for, maybe'

Russian meaning[s]: 1) дорожить (чем-л.); уважать, ставить превыше всего; уважаемый; 2) хвалить, одобрять, превозносить; хвастать; 3) высокий; возвышенный; 4) прибавить, приложить; сложить; 5) надеяться, желать; 6) еще, все еще; 7) древний; исстари; 8) Шан (фамилия)

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 42

Four-angle index: 3771

Karlgren code: 0725 a-c

Character: 屈

Modern (Beijing) reading: qū

Preclassic Old Chinese: khut

Classic Old Chinese: khwǝt

Western Han Chinese: khwǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: khwǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: khwɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khwɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: khwɨt

Middle Chinese: khüt

English meaning : to subdue; bend

Russian meaning[s]: 1) согнуть(ся); изгибать(ся); 2) склониться; покориться, подчиниться; 3) несправедливость; безвинно, незаслуженно; [jué] твердый, упорный, см. 倔

Comments: Despite early attestation, the word is most likely of Austric origin, cf. PAA *gut, Thai gut, PAN *-kut 'bend, bent' (see Sag. 26).

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 44

Four-angle index: 1015

Karlgren code: 0496 k

Vietnamese reading: khuất