Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 肘

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: truʔ (~ -iwʔ)

Classic Old Chinese: trú

Western Han Chinese: ṭǝ́w

Eastern Han Chinese: ṭǝ́w

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṭíw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṭǝ́w

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṭǝ́w

Middle Chinese: ṭǝ́w

English meaning : wrist, elbow

Russian meaning[s]: локоть; взять за локоть

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 130

Four-angle index: 3142

Karlgren code: 1073 a

Character: 肛

Modern (Beijing) reading: gāng

Russian meaning[s]: 1) задний проход; 2) толстый, жирный

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 130

Four-angle index: 88

Character: 肚

Modern (Beijing) reading: dù

Preclassic Old Chinese: dāʔ

Classic Old Chinese: dā́

Western Han Chinese: dā́

Eastern Han Chinese: dā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: dṓ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dṓ

Late Postclassic Chinese: dṓ

Middle Chinese: dó

English meaning : belly [Tang]

Russian meaning[s]: брюхо; живот; желудок; [dù dǔ] желудок; рубец

Comments: Also read OC *tāʔ, MC tó, Mand. dǔ 'stomach'. Regular Sino-Viet. is d_ỗ.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 130

Four-angle index: 147

Vietnamese reading: dạ

Character: 育

Modern (Beijing) reading: yù

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhuk

Classic Old Chinese: lhuk

Western Han Chinese: lhǝuk

Eastern Han Chinese: zhǝuk

Early Postclassic Chinese: zhɨuk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhuk

Late Postclassic Chinese: zhuk

Middle Chinese: jük

English meaning : to give birth, rear, raise, bring up, nourish

Russian meaning[s]: 1) кормить, вскармливать; воспитывать, выращивать, растить; 2) родить

Comments: For *lh- (yielding dialectal *jh- instead of a more regular *zh-) cf. Jianou ü⁷, Meixian juk⁷.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 130

Four-angle index: 3599

Karlgren code: 1020 a

Vietnamese reading: dục

Shijing occurrences: 35.5_

Character: 良

Modern (Beijing) reading: liáng

Preclassic Old Chinese: raŋ

Classic Old Chinese: raŋ

Western Han Chinese: raŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: reŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: leŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: leŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: leŋ

Middle Chinese: laŋ

English meaning : be good

Russian meaning[s]: 1) добро; хороший, превосходный; отличный; способный; 2) добрый, порядочный; благородный; лояльный; 3) очень; весьма; действительно, в самом деле; 4) врожденный, природный, совесть; 5) Лян (фамилия)

Comments: For *r- cf. Min forms: Xiamen liɔŋ², Chaozhou liaŋ², Fuzhou lioŋ², Jianou liɔŋ⁹.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 138

Four-angle index: 5774

Karlgren code: 0735 a-d

Shijing occurrences: 29.3_, 49.1_, 49.2_, 53.1, 53.2, 53.3, 58.1

Character: 芒

Modern (Beijing) reading: máng

Preclassic Old Chinese: māŋ

Classic Old Chinese: māŋ

Western Han Chinese: māŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: māŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: māŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: māŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: māŋ

Middle Chinese: mwâŋ

English meaning : be vast; great, extensive

Russian meaning[s]: ость; острие, шпиль; [huāng] 1) смутный, неясный; 2) разочарованный

Comments: For *m cf. Fuzhou moŋ², Jianou moŋ⁹.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 751

Karlgren code: 0742 k

Character: 芋

Modern (Beijing) reading: yù

Preclassic Old Chinese: was

Classic Old Chinese: wah

Western Han Chinese: wah

Eastern Han Chinese: wah

Early Postclassic Chinese: wò

Middle Postclassic Chinese: wò

Late Postclassic Chinese: wò

Middle Chinese: ɦǜ

English meaning : taro, Colocasia [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: батат, сладкий картофель

Comments: For *w- cf. Xiamen ɔ⁶, Chaozhou ou⁶, Fuzhou uo⁶, Jianou ü⁶. The character is attested already in Shijing, but only as a loan for 宇 q.v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 3242

Karlgren code: 0097 o

Character: 芍

Modern (Beijing) reading: shao

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 見

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: kēns

Classic Old Chinese: kēnh

Western Han Chinese: kjānh

Eastern Han Chinese: kiānh

Early Postclassic Chinese: kiḕn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kiḕn

Late Postclassic Chinese: kiḕn

Middle Chinese: kìen

English meaning : to see, look at; see someone, have an audience; receive in audience

Russian meaning[s]: 1) видеть, увидеть, заметить; воспринимать, ощущать (органами зрения, слуха и обоняния); 2) навестить, посетить; принять (гостя); 3) взгляды, воззрения; мнение, понимание, концепция; 4) быть замеченным, быть в поле зрения; 5) оказаться, очутиться; 6) формант пассива; 7) стать; дойти до...; пойти на...; постепенно становиться; [xiàn] появиться; обнаружить(ся), показать(ся), проявить(ся); быть налицо; теперь, ныне, вм. 現

Shuowen gloss: 視也.從目几.凡見之屬皆從見. [407]

Comments: Also read *gēns (see 現). Viet. kén 'to choose, select' ( < 'to look'?) is possibly an early loan; regular Sino-Viet. is kiến.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 147

Four-angle index: 7411

Karlgren code: 0241 a-d

Vietnamese reading: kén

Jianchuan Bai: -kẽ2

Shijing occurrences: 10.1, 10.2, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 42.1, 58.1

Character: 角

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiǎo

Preclassic Old Chinese: krōk

Classic Old Chinese: krōk

Western Han Chinese: krōk

Eastern Han Chinese: krōk

Early Postclassic Chinese: kọ̄k

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kọ̄k

Late Postclassic Chinese: kọ̄k

Middle Chinese: kạuk

English meaning : horn

Russian meaning[s]: 1) рог; рога; бодаться; трубить в рог; 2) угол; грань; мыс; перен. направление; 3) бороться, состязаться; 4) ссориться; ссора; 5) гривенник; монета в 10 фэнь (центов); 6) счетный суффикс официальных бумаг; 7) артист; ампула, роль; 8) стручок, рожки; 9) третья ступень китайской гаммы

Shuowen gloss: 獸角也.象形.角與刀魚相似.凡角之屬皆從角. [184]

Comments: Viet. gạc is colloquial (with a specialized meaning 'antlers'); another colloquial loanword from the same source is góc 'corner, angle' (cf. also hóc id.?). Regular Sino-Viet. is giác.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 148

Four-angle index: 3617

Karlgren code: 1225 a-c

Vietnamese reading: gạc

Jianchuan Bai: kü6

Dali Bai: kü6

Bijiang Bai: qõ6

Shijing occurrences: 11.3_, 17.2_

Character: 言

Modern (Beijing) reading: yán

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋan

Classic Old Chinese: ŋan

Western Han Chinese: ŋan

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋan

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋan

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋǝn

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋǝn

Middle Chinese: ŋǝn

English meaning : to speak, say; talk, words, saying; place name

Russian meaning[s]: 1) речь, слова; язык; слово; иероглиф; фраза; 2) говорить о...; сказать; касаться; вести речь о...; разговор

Shuowen gloss: 直言曰言.論難曰語.從口.辛聲.凡言之屬皆從言.

Comments: For *ŋ- cf. Min forms: Xiamen gian², Chaozhou ŋaŋ², Fuzhou ŋioŋ².

The character 言 is also used for a homonymous particle (OC ŋan) whose meaning is much debated. Some authors think that it means 'there; and so' (at the beginning of poetry lines); others think that it sometimes represents a form of the 1st person pronoun (and is thus related to 我, 吾 q.v.). It is also attested within an expressive reduplication 言言 *ŋan-ŋan 'to be high' (in Shijing).

Finally, 言 occurs in Early Zhou texts (with the same reading *ŋan) as a phonetic variant of the pronominal predicate 然 *nan (q.v.) after velars, *-h ( < *-Ks) and *-ʔ [thus, e.g., in Shi 26,4] (see Schüssler 503). It seems also to occur after -ć ( < *-Ts) which is phonetically strange (perhaps reflecting a facultative articulation of -ć as -jh?).

The word 言 'speak' is no doubt related to 語 *ŋaʔ q.v.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 149

Four-angle index: 1139

Karlgren code: 0251 a-d

Shijing occurrences: 2.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.2, 9.3, 13.3, 14.2, 14.3, 26.2, 26.4, 26.5, 30.3, 30.4, 38.3, 39.3_, 39.4, 44.1, 44.2, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 50.3, 54.1, 54.3, 56.1_, 58.2_, 58.5

Character: 谷

Modern (Beijing) reading: gǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: klōk

Classic Old Chinese: kōk

Western Han Chinese: kōk

Eastern Han Chinese: kōk

Early Postclassic Chinese: kōk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kōk

Late Postclassic Chinese: kwōk

Middle Chinese: kuk

English meaning : valley; name for the East wind

Russian meaning[s]: 1) русло горного потока; ущелье, дефиле; 2) быть в очень стесненном положении

Shuowen gloss: 泉出川為谷.從水半見出於口.凡谷之屬皆從谷. [570]

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 150

Four-angle index: 1361

Karlgren code: 1202 a-c

Vietnamese reading: cốc

Shijing occurrences: 2.1_, 35.1

Character: 豆

Modern (Beijing) reading: dòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: d(h)ōs

Classic Old Chinese: d(h)ōh

Western Han Chinese: d(h)wāh

Eastern Han Chinese: d(h)wāh

Early Postclassic Chinese: d(h)ṑw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: d(h)ǝ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: d(h)ǝ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: dʌ̀w

English meaning : a dou vessel

Russian meaning[s]: 1) бобы; соя; общее название для бобовых растений; 2) древн. сосуд для мяса; жертвенный сосуд; 3) Доу (фамилия)

Comments: A round vessel of clay or wood for serving solid food. Since Late Zhou the character is used for a homonymous word *d(h)ōs 'bean(s)'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 151

Four-angle index: 556

Karlgren code: 0118 a-c

Vietnamese reading: d_ậu

Jianchuan Bai: tɨ3

Dali Bai: tɨ3

Bijiang Bai: dɨ2

Character: 豕

Modern (Beijing) reading: shǐ

English meaning : pig

Russian meaning[s]: свинья

Radical: 152

Four-angle index: 5571

Character: 貝

Modern (Beijing) reading: bèi

Preclassic Old Chinese: pāts

Classic Old Chinese: pāć

Western Han Chinese: pāś

Eastern Han Chinese: pāś

Early Postclassic Chinese: pāś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pā̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: pā̀j

Middle Chinese: pwâj̀

English meaning : cowry

Russian meaning[s]: 1) двустворчатая раковина; 2) древн. створки раковины каури (как денежная единица); 3) сокровище, драгоценность; 4) Бэй (фамилия)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 154

Four-angle index: 7917

Karlgren code: 0320 a-e

Character: 赤

Modern (Beijing) reading: chì

Preclassic Old Chinese: khiak

Classic Old Chinese: khiak

Western Han Chinese: khiak

Eastern Han Chinese: khiak

Early Postclassic Chinese: khjek

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khjek

Late Postclassic Chinese: khjek

Middle Chinese: ćhek

English meaning : be red

Russian meaning[s]: 1) красный, алый; червонный (о золоте); 2) неподдельный, натуральный; искренний, горячий; откровенный; 3) нагой, голый; перен. новорожденный; 4) пустой; 5) истребить, уничтожить; 6) Чи (фамилия)

Comments: Perhaps related to 赫 *xrāk 'red' (q.v.), although loss of -r- here is hard to explain.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 155

Four-angle index: 8322

Karlgren code: 0793 a-c

Go-on: siyaku

Kan-on: seki

Japanese reading: seki;shaku;akai;akaramu;akarameru;aka

Jianchuan Bai: chɛ6

Dali Bai: cher6

Bijiang Bai: ṭhã6

Shijing occurrences: 41.3

Character: 走

Modern (Beijing) reading: zǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćōʔ

Classic Old Chinese: cṓ

Western Han Chinese: cwā́

Eastern Han Chinese: cwā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: cṓw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cǝ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: cǝ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: cʌ́w

English meaning : to run, make run, gallop

Russian meaning[s]: 1) идти; ехать; бежать; ходить пешком; путешествовать; гулять; 2) делать ход (в шахматах); 3) уходить; убегать; уйти от...; ускользнуть; сорваться (с крючка, о рыбе); 4) пропускать (напр. воздух); сдавать; давать утечку; терять (форму; цвет; вкус); пропадать; 5) разгласить, проболтаться; получить огласку; 6) нарушать; ошибаться (напр. в размере); 7) водить знакомство; общаться; развлекаться; 8) пешка; рядовой, вежл. я

Comments: Probably related to 趣 *ćhoʔ-s, *ćhōʔ (q.v.) which allows to reconstruct *ć-.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 156

Four-angle index: 5802

Karlgren code: 0119 a-c

Character: 足

Modern (Beijing) reading: zú

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćok

Classic Old Chinese: cok

Western Han Chinese: cok

Eastern Han Chinese: cjok

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjok

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjok

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjok

Middle Chinese: cjöuk

English meaning : leg, foot

Russian meaning[s]: 1) нога; ступня; лапа; 2) ножка; основание, подошва; 3) достаточно, довольно; быть достаточным, удовлетворять; заслуживать, стоить; годиться; мочь; 4) вполне, совершенно; в высшей степени; [jù] чрезмерный; чересчур

Comments: Also very frequently used for a homonymous *ćok 'be sufficient, enough'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 157

Four-angle index: 5836

Karlgren code: 1219 a-b

Go-on: soku

Kan-on: siyoku

Japanese reading: soku+;ashi+;tariru;tasu

Shijing occurrences: 17.2_

Character: 身

Modern (Beijing) reading: shēn

Preclassic Old Chinese: slin

Classic Old Chinese: l̥in

Western Han Chinese: l̥jǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: śǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: śɨn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: śɨn

Late Postclassic Chinese: śɨn

Middle Chinese: śin

English meaning : body, person, self

Russian meaning[s]: 1) тело; туловище; 2) корпус (напр. судна); 3) ствол (дерева, орудия); 4) я; сам, лично; персональный, частный; 5) беременность

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 158

Four-angle index: 4040

Karlgren code: 0386 a-c

Vietnamese reading: thân

Shijing occurrences: 28.4_

Character: 車

Modern (Beijing) reading: chē

Preclassic Old Chinese: k(l)a

Classic Old Chinese: ka

Western Han Chinese: ka

Eastern Han Chinese: ka

Early Postclassic Chinese: ko

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ko

Late Postclassic Chinese: ko

Middle Chinese: kö

English meaning : chariot, carriage

Russian meaning[s]: 1) повозка, телега; экипаж; автомашина; вагон; 2) станок; токарный станок; 3) гончарный круг; водоподъемное колесо; 4) фабричной выработки, сделанный механическим способом; 5) вращаться (о частях машины); работать (о моторе); 6) Чэ (фамилия); [jū] 1) древн. колесница, экипаж; 2) ладья (в шахматах)

Comments: In MC also read ćha, FQ 尺遮 (whence Mand. chē, Viet. xa), but this reading is rather recent (judging from rhymes, not earlier than Eastern Han) and must stem from some Old Chinese dialect. Viet. has also a colloquial loan from the same source: xe id. If the reconstruction is indeed *kla, one can think of an early borrowing from IE.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 159

Four-angle index: 2602

Karlgren code: 0074 a-d

Vietnamese reading: xa

Shijing occurrences: 24.1_, 37.3, 39.3, 41.3_, 58.2, 58.4