Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 壇

Modern (Beijing) reading: tán

Preclassic Old Chinese: dān

Classic Old Chinese: dān

Western Han Chinese: dān

Eastern Han Chinese: dān

Early Postclassic Chinese: dān

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dān

Late Postclassic Chinese: dān

Middle Chinese: dân

English meaning : altar

Russian meaning[s]: 1) алтарь (воздвигаемый из земли); 2) трибуна; 3) поприще, арена

Comments: For *d- cf. Xiamen tuã², Chaozhou tũã², Fuzhou taŋ², Jianou tuiŋ⁹.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 32

Four-angle index: 41

Karlgren code: 0148 d

Vietnamese reading: d_àn

Character: 壅

Modern (Beijing) reading: yōng

Russian meaning[s]: 1) навалить; завалить; 2) воспрепятствовать проходу; 3) скрыть; 4) окучивать

Radical: 32

Four-angle index: 182

Karlgren code: 1184 i

Character: 奮

Modern (Beijing) reading: fèn

Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝrs

Classic Old Chinese: pǝnh

Western Han Chinese: pǝnh

Eastern Han Chinese: pwǝnh

Early Postclassic Chinese: pwɨ̀n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pwɨ̀n

Late Postclassic Chinese: pwɨ̀n

Middle Chinese: pǜn

English meaning : to start up, rush up, exert

Russian meaning[s]: 1) расправлять крылья; 2) воодушевляться; самоотверженно работать; стараться; мужественный, героический; решительный; 3) развивать, распространять; 4) возмущение; быть возмущенным

Comments: The original meaning is obviously 'to fly up' (attested in most contexts). Further etymology see under 飛.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 37

Four-angle index: 1723

Karlgren code: 0473 a

Shijing occurrences: 26.5

Character: 嬴

Modern (Beijing) reading: yíng

Russian meaning[s]: 1) наполнить; полный, вм. 盈; 2) остаток; излишек; 3) выигрывать, побеждать; 4) Ин (фамилия)

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 7723

Karlgren code: 0816 a-d

Character: 學

Modern (Beijing) reading: xué

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghrūk

Classic Old Chinese: ghrūk

Western Han Chinese: ɣrǝ̄uk

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣrǝ̄uk

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣǝ̣̄uk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣọ̄k

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣọ̄k

Middle Chinese: ɣạuk

English meaning : to learn, understand

Russian meaning[s]: 1) учиться; изучать; овладевать (знаниями); учение; наука; -логия; 2) школа; учебное заведение; 3) подражать, перенимать, копировать

Comments: For *gh cf. Xiamen oʔ⁸, Chaozhou oʔ⁸, Fuzhou ok⁸, Jianou ɔ⁸.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 39

Four-angle index: 3069

Karlgren code: 1038 a-c

Vietnamese reading: học

Jianchuan Bai: ?ɣɨ2

Dali Bai: ?ɣɨ2

Bijiang Bai: ?ɣɨ2

Character: 寰

Modern (Beijing) reading: huán

Preclassic Old Chinese: whrēn

Classic Old Chinese: whrēn

Western Han Chinese: whrjān

Eastern Han Chinese: whriān

Early Postclassic Chinese: whiẹ̄n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: whiẹ̄n

Late Postclassic Chinese: whiẹ̄n

Middle Chinese: ɣwạn

English meaning : royal domain proper [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вселенная; 2) обширные владения; 3) стар. удельные земли

Comments: Etymologically probably = *whrēn 'ring, circle' (see 環 etc.)

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 5738

Karlgren code: 0256 s-t

Character: 導

Modern (Beijing) reading: dǎo

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhūʔs

Classic Old Chinese: lhūh

Western Han Chinese: lhūh

Eastern Han Chinese: lhūh

Early Postclassic Chinese: dhū̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhū̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: dhū̀

Middle Chinese: dầw

English meaning : to go along, travel along; to lead

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вести, водить; руководить; проводник, гид; 2) писать введение

Comments: Also means 'to say' (perhaps metaphorically < 'to conduct, bring along (words)'). A derivate from *lhūʔ 道 q.v. Viet. dạo is colloquial; the regular Sino-Viet. form is d_ạo. An archaic loanword may be Viet. lùa 'to drive (cattle to graze)'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 41

Four-angle index: 3214

Karlgren code: 1048 d-e

Vietnamese reading: dạo

Character: 彊

Modern (Beijing) reading: qiáng

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghaŋ

Classic Old Chinese: ghaŋ

Western Han Chinese: ghaŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ghaŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ

Middle Chinese: gaŋ

English meaning : be strong

Russian meaning[s]: 1) мощный, сильный; 2) избыточный; с излишком; [qiǎng] 1) через силу, насильно; 2) постараться, см. 強; [jiǎng] 1) граница, см. 疆; 2) упорный, упрямый

Comments: = 強 q.v. The character is also used in the reduplication *kaŋ-kaŋ 'fierce' (thus in Shi 49.1). During LZ also used for *ghaŋʔ, MC gáŋ 'to make an effort; compel' (a related form?).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 57

Four-angle index: 61

Karlgren code: 0710 e-g

Shijing occurrences: 49.1_, 49.2_

Character: 憲

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: hars

Classic Old Chinese: hanh

Western Han Chinese: hanh

Eastern Han Chinese: hanh

Early Postclassic Chinese: hàn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: hǝ̀n

Late Postclassic Chinese: hǝ̀n

Middle Chinese: xǝ̀n

English meaning : law; model

Russian meaning[s]: 1) наставление; правило; основной закон, конституция; 2) стар. правитель; 3) календарь-альманах

Comments: Also used for a homonymous *xar-s "elated, rejoice".

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 8403

Karlgren code: 0250 a-b

Character: 憑

Modern (Beijing) reading: píng

Preclassic Old Chinese: bǝŋ

Classic Old Chinese: bǝŋ

Western Han Chinese: bǝŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: bǝŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: bɨŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bɨŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: bɨŋ

Middle Chinese: biŋ

English meaning : to lean on, rely on

Russian meaning[s]: 1) опираться; облокотиться; опора; 2) полагаться на...; доверяться; поручать; 3) основываться на...; основание; свидетельство; улика; документальное доказательство; 4) на основании; согласно, по; 5) пусть, пускай; 6) как бы не...; какой бы то ни было; хотя бы даже; 7) из-за, по милости, благодаря; 8) Пин (фамилия)

Comments: For *b cf. Xiamen pin² (lit. piŋ²), Chaozhou peŋ², Fuzhou piŋ².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 8451

Karlgren code: 0899 e

Vietnamese reading: bằng

Character: 憩

Modern (Beijing) reading: qì

Preclassic Old Chinese: khrats

Classic Old Chinese: khrać

Western Han Chinese: khraś

Eastern Han Chinese: khraś

Early Postclassic Chinese: kheś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khèj

Late Postclassic Chinese: khèj

Middle Chinese: khèj

English meaning : to rest

Russian meaning[s]: отдыхать; отдых

Comments: Also written as 愒 (which also has a reading *khrat, MC khet, FQ 丘謁, Pek. qiè id.).

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 8386

Karlgren code: 0329 a

Shijing occurrences: 16.2_

Character: 憊

Modern (Beijing) reading: bèi

Preclassic Old Chinese: b(h)rǝ̄(ʔ)s

Classic Old Chinese: b(h)rǝ̄h

Western Han Chinese: b(h)rǝ̄h

Eastern Han Chinese: b(h)rǝ̄h

Early Postclassic Chinese: b(h)ǝ̣̄̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: b(h)iǝ̣̄̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: b(h)iǝ̣̄̀j

Middle Chinese: bạ̈̀j

English meaning : be tired, exhausted

Russian meaning[s]: 1) утомленный, усталый; 2) стесненный обстоятельствами; 3) поношенный; устаревший

Comments: Attested already in Yijing, but absent in Schüssler's dictionary.

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 8434

Character: 懍

Modern (Beijing) reading: lǐn

Preclassic Old Chinese: r(h)ǝmʔ (~ -imʔ)

Classic Old Chinese: r(h)ǝ́m

Western Han Chinese: r(h)ǝ́m

Eastern Han Chinese: r(h)ǝ́m

Early Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ím

Middle Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ím

Late Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ím

Middle Chinese: lím

English meaning : full of fear, respectful

Russian meaning[s]: 1) страх; бояться; 2) благоговение; трепет; трепетать; быть покорным; 3) грозный

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 5418

Karlgren code: 0668 d

Character: 憶

Modern (Beijing) reading: yì

Russian meaning[s]: 1) думать, размышлять; 2) вспоминать, напоминать; 3) предполагать; предвидеть

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 8375

Karlgren code: 0957 f

Character: 憾

Modern (Beijing) reading: hàn

Russian meaning[s]: 1) огорчение; досада; сожаление, раскаяние; 2) негодование; ненависть

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 8484

Karlgren code: 0671 p

Character: 懊

Modern (Beijing) reading: ào

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔūʔs

Classic Old Chinese: ʔūh

Western Han Chinese: ʔūh

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔūh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔū̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔū̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔū̀

Middle Chinese: ʔầw

English meaning : sorrow, be in distress

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сожалеть, раскаиваться; 2) негодовать, сердиться

Comments: Attested since Song. Also read *ʔūʔ, MC ʔấw (FQ 烏皓) id.

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 4908

Character: 懈

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiè

Russian meaning[s]: лениться; ленивый, нерадивый, небрежный; расхлябанный

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 2484

Karlgren code: 0861 b

Character: 戰

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: tars

Classic Old Chinese: tanh

Western Han Chinese: tanh

Eastern Han Chinese: ćanh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćèn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćèn

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćèn

Middle Chinese: ćèn

English meaning : to fight, battle; be trembling, afraid

Russian meaning[s]: 1) война; бой, сражение; схватка; сражаться; 2) состязаться, мериться силами; 3) дрожать от страха, трепетать; 4) Чжань (фамилия)

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 62

Four-angle index: 6762

Karlgren code: 0147 r

Vietnamese reading: chiến

Character: 擅

Modern (Beijing) reading: shàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: d(h)ans

Classic Old Chinese: d(h)anh

Western Han Chinese: d(h)anh

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ́(h)anh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)èn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)èn

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)èn

Middle Chinese: ʒ́èn

English meaning : act on one's own authority, autocratic, presume [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: узурпировать; монополизировать; присваивать; захватывать

Radical: 64

Four-angle index: 45

Karlgren code: 0148 o

Character: 擁

Modern (Beijing) reading: yōng yǒng

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔoŋ

Classic Old Chinese: ʔoŋ

Western Han Chinese: ʔoŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔoŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔoŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔoŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔoŋ

Middle Chinese: ʔöuŋ

English meaning : embrace, seize; cover, conceal; to embrace a concept (Schu.)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) поднимать на руках; обнимать; защищать, поддерживать; 2) протискиваться, проталкиваться; 3) собираться, толпиться; [yōng] 1) загораживать; 2) ринуться вперед толпой

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 64

Four-angle index: 876

Karlgren code: 1184 k