Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 鋪

Modern (Beijing) reading: pū pù

Preclassic Old Chinese: phā

Classic Old Chinese: phā

Western Han Chinese: phā

Eastern Han Chinese: phā

Early Postclassic Chinese: phō

Middle Postclassic Chinese: phō

Late Postclassic Chinese: phō

Middle Chinese: pho

English meaning : to suffer

Russian meaning[s]: 1) расстилать; подстилка; постель; 2) замостить; устлать; [pù] 1) лавка, магазин; ломбард, см. 舖; 2) уст. станция на почтовом тракте; 3) койка, кровать

Comments: Also read *pha, MC phü, Pek. fū id. "Suffer" is the oldest meaning attested (already in Shijing), but certainly not the basic meaning of the character (it is a loan usage for 痡 q.v.). It is used for several homonymous words with the reading *phā - 'a k. of metallic ornament (animal's head)'; 'a k. of metallic vessel' (both attested only since Han); 'to spread out' (whence Viet. phô < 'to spread out (for show)'. Since Tang another reading is attested: (OC *phā-s), MC phò, Mand. pù, Viet. phố 'store, trading house' - probably a derivate from *phā with the meaning 'to spread out'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 167

Four-angle index: 3645

Karlgren code: 0102 |h ́

Vietnamese reading: phô

Character: 鋤

Modern (Beijing) reading: chú

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́hra

Classic Old Chinese: ʒhra

Western Han Chinese: ʒ̣ha

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ̣ha

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣ho

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣ho

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣ho

Middle Chinese: ʒ̣ö

English meaning : hoe [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) мотыга; вскапывать землю; полоть; 2) искоренять

Comments: For aspiration cf. Min forms: Xiamen thu2, Fuzhou thui2 (although loss of affricatisation is not clear).

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 167

Four-angle index: 4679

Karlgren code: 0046 |p ́

Jianchuan Bai: cü̃7

Dali Bai: cü7

Bijiang Bai: ćü7

Character: 銳

Modern (Beijing) reading: ruì

Preclassic Old Chinese: Łots

Classic Old Chinese: Łwać

Western Han Chinese: lwaś

Eastern Han Chinese: źwaś

Early Postclassic Chinese: źweś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jwèj

Late Postclassic Chinese: jwèj

Middle Chinese: jwèj

English meaning : pointed, sharp [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) острый; отточенный; острие; 2) перен. проницательный (об уме); резкий (о звуке); 3) отборный, превосходный; 4) храбрый, смелый, воинственный; 5) мелкий, ничтожный

Comments: During Early Zhou the character is attested (in Shujing) only with the reading *Łōts, MC dwầj, Mand. dùi 'a kind of lance' (perhaps related to the basic reading *Łots). Viet. nhuệ, although accepted as standard Sino-Vietnamese, has non-standard (dialectal) initial nasalisation - which is reflected also in Chinese dialectal reflexes: Mand. rùi, Xiamen ʒui⁶, Chaozhou zue⁴ etc. (all pointing to *ń-). For this reason it is tempting to consider normal Viet. nhọn 'sharp' as a dialectal loan from the same Chinese source (the initial and tone are the same, while final -n could be explained by nasal assimilation?).

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 167

Four-angle index: 7394

Karlgren code: 0324 f

Vietnamese reading: nhuệ

Character: 銼

Modern (Beijing) reading: cuò

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćhōjs

Classic Old Chinese: chwājh

Western Han Chinese: chwājh

Eastern Han Chinese: chwǟh

Early Postclassic Chinese: chwā̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: chwā̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: chwā̀

Middle Chinese: chwầ

English meaning : to break, destroy [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) котел с широким отверстием; 2) потерпеть неудачу, вм. 挫; 3) напильник, рашпиль; обработать напильником, подпилить

Comments: The original meaning and reading was probably *ʒ́hōj, MC ʒwâ 'file', attested only since Tang; for *ʒ́h- cf. Chaozhou chɔ².

Radical: 167

Four-angle index: 280

Character: 閭

Modern (Beijing) reading: lǘ

Preclassic Old Chinese: r(h)a

Classic Old Chinese: r(h)a

Western Han Chinese: r(h)a

Eastern Han Chinese: r(h)a

Early Postclassic Chinese: l(h)o

Middle Postclassic Chinese: l(h)o

Late Postclassic Chinese: l(h)o

Middle Chinese: lö

English meaning : village gate, street gate; village [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) селение; поселок (в древнем Китае, состоял из 25 дворов); 2) деревенские ворота; околица; 3) собираться

Comments: Used also as a loan for *r(h)a 'come together, accumulate; a k. of battle array'.

Radical: 169

Four-angle index: 3384

Karlgren code: 0076 g

Character: 閱

Modern (Beijing) reading: yuè

Preclassic Old Chinese: Łot

Classic Old Chinese: Łwat

Western Han Chinese: lwat

Eastern Han Chinese: źwat

Early Postclassic Chinese: źwet

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jwet

Late Postclassic Chinese: jwet

Middle Chinese: jwet

English meaning : to examine; to count

Russian meaning[s]: 1) просматривать; пробегать глазами; читать; 2) осматривать, проверять, инспектировать; осмотр, смотр; 3) проверить на опыте; 4) знатная фамилия, знатный род

Comments: Used also for a homonymous *Łot 'opening, hole', as well as instead of the homonymous 悅 *Łot 'to delight in, be pleased'. [Fuzhou üok⁷ seems to indicate *lhot - contradicting the xiesheng evidence].

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 169

Four-angle index: 3453

Karlgren code: 0324 p

Vietnamese reading: duyệt

Shijing occurrences: 35.3

Character: 震

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhèn

Preclassic Old Chinese: tǝrs

Classic Old Chinese: tǝnh

Western Han Chinese: tǝnh

Eastern Han Chinese: ćǝnh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćìn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćìn

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćìn

Middle Chinese: ćìn

English meaning : to shake

Russian meaning[s]: 1) раскат грома; удар грома; ударить (о молнии); 2) землетрясение; сотрясти; сотрясение; колебать; 3) вздрагивать, трепетать; дрожать от страха, бояться; 4) приводить в трепет, внушать страх; 5) забеременеть; 6) чжэнь (название триграммы в Ицзине); 7) 12-е число (в телеграммах)

Comments: See 振.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 173

Four-angle index: 5654

Karlgren code: 0455 s

Character: 靠

Modern (Beijing) reading: kào

Preclassic Old Chinese: khūs (~ -ks)

Classic Old Chinese: khūh

Western Han Chinese: khǝ̄wh

Eastern Han Chinese: khǝ̄wh

Early Postclassic Chinese: khǝ̄̀w

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khā̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: khā̀w

Middle Chinese: khầw

English meaning : to lean upon [Song]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) опираться, прислоняться; прилегать к...; вблизи, около; 2) опора, поддержка; средства к существованию; 3) приближаться, сближаться; 4) зависеть от..., в зависимости от...; на (впереди сказуемого)

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 175

Four-angle index: 2736

Jianchuan Bai: khuɛ4

Dali Bai: kho4

Character: 鞍

Modern (Beijing) reading: ān

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔān

Classic Old Chinese: ʔān

Western Han Chinese: ʔān

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔān

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔān

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔān

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔān

Middle Chinese: ʔân

English meaning : saddle [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: седло; седлать

Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is an. Phonetically yên is interesting: cf. an analogical relation between 安 *ʔān and 燕 *ʔēn-s 'peaceful, calm'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 177

Four-angle index: 8830

Vietnamese reading: yên

Jianchuan Bai: ã4

Dali Bai: -a5

Bijiang Bai: e4

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