Comment: The first vowel is impossible to reconstruct, because in all languages it is assimilated to the vowel of the suffix (-il in Lezg., Ag., -a < -aj in Tab.). The semantic variation is well explained by the external evidence (the original meaning of the root was probably "dungwash", "filthy secretion").
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Akht. c̣üdʁ- 'to steal, slip' (pointing to *χ: in PL), Arch. c̣iχdí-t:u 'thief'. In Lezg. -t- (-d-) is either a former class infix, or a reflex of the adverbial stem *c̣Vχ:-t:V- (cf. the Archi form).
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. c̣um / c̣ɨm. Arch. -mul is a plural suffix. Obl. base *c̣ʷäma- (cf. Rut. c̣úmu-, Tsakh. c̣oma-); 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.
Comment: The correspondence between Lezg. velar and Rut., Tsakh. uvular is quite irregular and requires explanation. The supposed Proto-Rut.-Tsakh. form must be reconstructed as *c̣ʷeqI 'chaff' (with a secondary semantic development > 'ashes' in Rut.), and was probably modified from earlier *c̣ʷeIḳ ( = Lezg. c̣eḳʷ) under the influence of a widely spread common Lezghian root *näqʷ 'chaff, straw' q.v.
Comment: PL has only compounds *hʷil(i)-c̣ʷem (cf. also Lezg. Khl. gɨlc̣am, Tab. Düb. urč̣̌um / urč̣̌im; Rut. -zen also belongs here, but is irregular phonetically) and *c̣il(V)-c̣ʷem (see *c̣ĭlV).
Comment: Cf. also Bursh. c̣ube-r, Burk. c̣up:e-f, Fit. c̣ep:i-t / c̣ebbi-t (the latter form showing that the stem actually consists of the root c̣eb- + suffixed -b-).
Comment: Cf. also Ag. Khud. c̣ur, Ars. c̣urd; Arch. pl. c̣ut:ur. There's not enough data to reconstruct the obl. stem (Tab. č̣̌urda-, Rut. Khniukh. c̣udu- are not informative).
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. erg. č̣aʁra, Khl. erg. č̣aʁra, pl. č̣aʁ-ar; Tab. Düb. č̣aʁa. The Tsakh. form contains expressive pharyngealization; the -ɨ- vowel quality may be due to Ablaut *č̣aʁa (dir.), *č̣oʁa- (obl.). 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages.
Comment: Obl. base *č̣aIra-, cf. Ag., Rut. č̣ara-, Tsakh. č̣aIra-. 4th class in Tsakh. and Arch., 3d class in Kryz. and Bud. In most languages (except Tsakh. and Arch.) the root also means "goat's wool".
