Comments: In Av. cf. also ʎáʕi-ze 'to live a year', ʎáʕi 'anniversary'. The original meaning is not quite clear ("time" in general?); cf. the same situation in WC.
Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Ratl. ƛas:i 'ant, bed-bug' (pointing to *ƛ), Kar. Anch. ʎac̣:a, Tok. harc̣:a / ħarc̣:a. The variation -n-(/-r-) / -b- in Inlaut points probably to PA *-m-. The Akhv. (Ratl.) form ƛas:i is a contamination of *ƛa[m]c̣:V "ant" (which is obviously the first and basic meaning of this root) and *ʎars:V "bug" (the form ʎars:i "bug" exists independently in Ratl.)
Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ʎic̣:i, Ratl. ƛirc̣:i. Regular are the Akhv. and Kar. forms; in God. an assimilation in strength (*ƛ- > ƛ:- or *ƛ- > *ʎ- > ʎ:-) has occurred (cf. also And. dial. ƛ:ec̣:u). Some problems are raised by And. and God. -n-; it may be a result of an old contamination with another root, PEC *xwɨmc̣_wɨ q.v.
Comments: Av. paradigm C (ʎará-l,ʎára-l; Chad. tará-l,tára-l). The Andian forms go back to a suffixed (or compound?) form *ƛir-s:o (some forms: And. ʎ:enso, God. ʎ:ins:a - to a variant *ƛir-s:on). The suffix (or compound) -s:o is etymologically not clear. Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ʎes:a, Ratl. ƛers:a, Cham. Gig. ʎes:a, Bagv. Tlis. hes:a. Tense ʎ:- in And., Bagv. and God. is secondary (assimilated to -s:-).
Comments: Isolated in Avar (but with good Nakh parallels). Av. paradigm B/C (ƛ:ará-l,ƛ:úr-dul/ƛ:ará-l); Chad. C (ƛ:arí-l/ƛ:ará-l,ƛ:ára-l/ƛ:ár-dul).
Meaning:1 up, above 2 locative suffix (of series Super)
Avar:ṭa-d 1, -d- 2
Andian language:-ƛ̣a 2
Akhvakh:-ƛ̣- 2 (S.-Akhv.)
Chamalal:hi-la-h 1 (Gig.)
Tindi:-la 2
Karata:-ƛ̣a 2
Botlikh:-0- 2
Bagvalal:-la 2
Godoberi:-la 2
Comments: Cf. also Av. Ants. ƛ̣a-d 'up, above'; in the function of the locative morpheme voiced -d- is also secondary in Av. (dialects have regular reflexes -ṭ, -ʔ or -l). The adverbial usage (cf. also Av. ṭá-s:a "up, from above"; And. hi-la, Akhv. ƛ̣a-do 'up, above') clearly reflects the original status of the morpheme as a locative adverb (particle).
