North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *ǀxao

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to pay, reward

Juǀʼhoan : ǀxàò // ǀxàò ~ ǀxàò-xʼàm (n5 -si) "payment, reward"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxao

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀxáu "to avenge"

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxào

Kavango : ǀxau

Tsumkwe : ǀxào

Tsintsabis : ǀxào

Okongo : ǀxào

Leeunes : ǀxào

Mpunguvlei : ǀxào

Cuando : ǀxào

South Omatako : ǀxào

North Omatako : ǀxào

Kameeldoring : ǀxào

Notes : Cf. Nama ǀkhao "to avenge".

References : Bleek 363; Dickens 293; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 22; Snyman 1980: 8; Snyman 1997: 83.

RefLex number: 1881

Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼae

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to be sick (from), be suffering from (an illness)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼàè // (n5 -si) "illness"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼae

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀai ~ ǀei

!Kung (Vedder): ǀxʼai

Tsumkwe : ǀxʼàe

Tsintsabis : ǀxʼàe

Leeunes : ǀxʼàe

South Omatako : ǀxʼàe

North Omatako : ǀxʼàe

Kameeldoring : ǀxʼàe

Lister : ǀxʼàe

References : Bleek 297, 308, 337; Dickens 290; Snyman 22; Snyman 1997: 82.

RefLex number: 1826

Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼai

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: foot

Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼáí (n5 -si) // ǀxʼáí-ʒxȍàrà (n5 -si) "cleft between the two parts of a hoof"; ǀxʼáí-ɡ!ȕȉʰ (n5 -si) "big toe"; ǀxʼáí-ɳ!áŋ (n5 -si) "sole (of foot)", etc.

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼei

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀe ~ ǀxeː

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀé ~ ǀì ~ ǀxʼĕ ~ ǀxʼì ~ ǀxì

!Kung (Doke): ǀʼai

!Kung (Vedder): ǀxʼai

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀxʼe ~ xʼɛ "foot" // ǀai "leg"

Tsumkwe : ǀxʼái

Tsintsabis : ǀxʼái

Okongo : ǀxʼái

Leeunes : ǀxái

Mpunguvlei : ǀxái

Cuito : ǀxái

Cuando : ǀxái

South Omatako : ǀxʼái

North Omatako : ǀxʼái

Kameeldoring : ǀxʼái

Lister : ǀxʼái

Notes : A few of the dialects are recorded as having velar fricative -x- for the efflux by Snyman; reasons unclear. The only similar case (although with slightly different dialectal distribution) is *ǀǀxʼòà "to send" q.v.

References : Bleek 122, 268, 307, 316, 337, 338-9, 363, 364; Dickens 81; Snyman 58; Snyman 1997: 82.

RefLex number: 1828

Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼau

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: bad, ugly

Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼàù // (n5 -si) "badness, ugliness, mistake, fault"; ǀxʼàù-žù-à (n1 -si) "sinner"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼeu

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀxʼau "dirty"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀxʼào ~ ǀxʼáo

Tsumkwe : ǀxʼáu

Tsintsabis : ǀxʼào

Okongo : ǀxʼào

Leeunes : ǀxʼáo

Mpunguvlei : ǀxʼáo

Cuito : ǀxʼáo

Cuando : ǀxʼáo

Kameeldoring : ǀxʼào

Lister : ǀxʼáu

References : Bleek 337, 338; Dickens 291; Snyman 21; Snyman 1997: 82.

RefLex number: 1834

Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼõã

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ ML [e]

Meaning: phlegm, cold (n.)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼõ̀ã̀ (n5 -si) // ǀxʼõ̀ã̀-!xáí-á (n5 -si) "handkerchief"; (?) ǀxʼõ̀ã̀-ǀǀʼàì-à (n5 -si) "plant sp., katstertgras, Perotis patens"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼwã

Kavango : ɡǀxʼõ̀ã

Ekoka : ɡǀxʼȭã̀

Tsumkwe : ǀxʼõ̀ã

Tsintsabis : ǀxʼõ̀ã

Okongo : ǀxʼõ̀ã

Leeunes : ǀxʼõã

Mpunguvlei : ǀxʼõ̀ã

Cuito : ǀxʼõã

South Omatako : ǀxʼõ̀ã

North Omatako : ǀxʼõ̀ã

Kameeldoring : ǀxʼõ̀ã

Lister : ǀxʼõ̀ã

Notes : Irregular voicening in the Northern dialects.

References : Dickens 290; Snyman 32; Snyman 1997: 82.

RefLex number: 1836

Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼuri

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: dirty

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼúrí // (n5 -si) "dirt"; ǀxʼúrí-žù-à (n1 -si) "garbage-collector"; ǀxʼúrí-tã́ (n5 -si) "dirt-bin"; (?) ǀʼùrí-hã̏ (n5 -si) "dirt"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼori

!Kung (Doke): ǀʼuːriː-xâ "to be dirty"

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxʼúrí

Kavango : ɡǀxʼűri̋ (E)

References : Bleek 360; Dickens 66; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 58; Snyman 1980: 8.

RefLex number: 1839

Proto-Ju: *ǀxoa

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: alive; life

Juǀʼhoan : ǀxȍȁ // (n5) "life, health, soul"; ǀxòà-sí (n5 -si) "life, living"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxwa "to live"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀwaːˤ

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀóä ~ ǀxóä

!Kung (Vedder): ǀôàː

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxòa

Kavango : ǀxoȁ "survive"

Cuito : ǀxòa "morning greeting" (?)

Cuando : ǀxòa ~ ǂxòa "morning greeting" (?)

Notes : According to Bleek, the root is the same as *ǀxoa 'to make fire'; indeed, the two appear to be completely identical phonologically, and unless separate etymologies are found for both, this idea should not be discarded. So far, the only outside parallel is ǀǀNg ǀwa 'to live' in Bleek's dictionary, but the root is never found in SK outside that language.

References : Bleek 317, 328, 365; Dickens 293; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 58; Snyman 1980: 32; Snyman 1997: 98.

RefLex number: 1890

Proto-Ju: *ǀxom

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to beg, plead

Juǀʼhoan : ǀxòm "to beg, plead" // ǀxóm-á "to feel sorry for"; (n5) "sorrow, bereavement, grief"; ǀxòm-sí (n5 -si) "place of prayer, church"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxom

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀxomma "to pray"

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxòmà "to pity"

Kavango : ǀxòm "mercy, have mercy"

Tsumkwe : ǀxòm

Tsintsabis : ǀxòm

Okongo : ǀxòm

South Omatako : ǀxòm

North Omatako : ǀxòm

Kameeldoring : ǀxòm

Lister : ǀxòm

Notes : Reconstructible for PNK, but also potentially a borrowing from Nama (where both ǀkhom and ǀkhoma exist).

References : Bleek 365; Dickens 293; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 58; Snyman 1980: 6; Snyman 1997: 83.

RefLex number: 1895

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