North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *de

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: female

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : -dí

ǀǀAuǀǀen : dí "woman, female, left (hand)"

!Kung (Lloyd) : de // pl. dé-ssiŋ

!Kung (Doke): dē // dēː-mà "little (fem.)"

!Kung (Vedder): dé

!Kung (Wilhelm): deː

!Kung (Weich): de

!O!Kung (Bleek) : dé ~ dè // deː-me "little (fem.)"

Ekoka : -dē "female (affix)" // dē-mà, pl. dēm̏hè "female"

Mpunguvlei : dé "mother"

Cuito : te "mother"

Cuando : te "mother"

Notes : The initial voiceless stop in Cuito and Cuando is irregular; possibly due to contamination with *taˤe 'mother'.

References : Bleek 23, 24, 25; Dickens 196; KH 20, 21; Snyman 1997: 65; Weich 6.

RefLex number: 138

Proto-Ju: *dʰa

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XL [k] ~ XL [e]

Meaning: cloth

Juǀʼhoan : dʰà (n5 -si) "blanket"

!Kung (Lloyd) : da "cloth, kaross"

!Kung (Wilhelm): daː "blanket"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : dà "kaross, loincloth"

!O!Kung (Snyman): dàá

Kavango : dȁà "duiker-skin carrier-bag"

Ekoka : dȁhà (4) "dress, clothes, blanket" // dȁà (3) "duiker-skin carrier-head"; dʰȁà "skin bag for carrying food, plant products when gathering in the bush"

Tsumkwe : dà ~ dʰà

Tsintsabis : ɳǀò-dà ~ dāà

Okongo : dàá "clothes"

Leeunes : dàá

Mpunguvlei : dāa

Cuito : dāa

Cuando : dāa

South Omatako : dāà

North Omatako : dāà

Kameeldoring : dāà

Lister : dà

References : Bleek 19; Dickens 195; Heikkinen 1986; KH 19, 20, 21; Snyman 1980: 34; Snyman 1997: 37, 38.

RefLex number: 128

Proto-Ju: *dʰadʰaMa

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: butterfly

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : dʰàdʰàmà ~ dʰàdʰàbà (n2)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dʔʰadʔʰama

ǀǀAuǀǀen : dadámana ~ tataba ~ tatama

!Kung (Lloyd) : dadába ~ tatắba ~ tatábba

!Kung (Wilhelm): tántăbaː

!O!Kung (Snyman): tʰàtʰàmà

Ekoka : tʰàbàkàká

Tsumkwe : dʰàdʰàma

Tsintsabis : tʰàtʰàbá

Okongo : tʰàbàkàká

Leeunes : dʰàdʰàbá

Mpunguvlei : tʰàbàlélé

Cuito : tʰàbàlélé

Cuando : tʰàbàlélé

South Omatako : dʰàdʰàbá

North Omatako : dʰàdʰàbá

Kameeldoring : dʰàdʰàbá

Lister : dʰàndʰà

References : Bleek 20, 193, 194; Dickens 195; KH 68; Snyman 40; Snyman 1980: 35; Snyman 1997: 39.

RefLex number: 130

Proto-Ju: *dʰau

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: mushroom, fungus

Juǀʼhoan : dʰáú (n3) "edible mushroom"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dʔʰeu-ɡ!uʔiya

!Kung (Weich): daú

!O!Kung (Bleek) : dàù "fungus, red polyporus"

Tsumkwe : dʰáu

Mpunguvlei : dàú

Cuito : dàú

Cuando : dàú

Kameeldoring : dʰáu

Lister : dʰàu

References : Bleek 22; Dickens 195; Snyman 40; Snyman 1997: 39; Weich 6.

RefLex number: 132

Proto-Ju: *dʰĩ

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: straight

Juǀʼhoan : dʰĩ́ "pull straight (e. g. a rope, a blanket, one's clothing etc.)"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : dé ~ dẽ "there, straight"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : tiŋʔa "straight"

!O!Kung (Snyman): tʰaŋ "arrange clothes" [?]

References : Bleek 23, 203; Dickens 195; Snyman 1980: 13.

RefLex number: 133

Proto-Ju: *dʰũ

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to remove the skin of an animal by inserting one's thumb between the flesh and the skin

Juǀʼhoan : dʰũ̀

Kavango : tʰũ̀ "cast skin" (?)

References : Dickens 195; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 137

Proto-Ju: *dʰui

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ XL [e]

Meaning: a k. of plant

Juǀʼhoan : dʰȕì "food plant, Annona stenophylla nana"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dʔʰwi "creeper sp."

!Kung (Lloyd) : düĭ̀ "a certain fruit-bearing plant"

Ekoka : dȉhì "sand-apple, Wild Custard-apple (Annona senegalensis)"

References : Bleek 30; Dickens 195; KH 21; Snyman 40.

RefLex number: 136

Proto-Ju: *di

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: to be mad, act unreasonably, be drunk

Juǀʼhoan : dì // dí-sà "to bewitch"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): di

!Kung (Lloyd) : di

!Kung (Wilhelm): diː "mad"

!Kung (Weich): di

!O!Kung (Snyman): dì: "insane"

Kavango : dì "be naughty"

Ekoka : dì "be naughty"

References : Bleek 25; Dickens 196; Heikkinen 1986; KH 21; Snyman 38; Snyman 1980: 41; Weich 8.

RefLex number: 139

Proto-Ju: *di

Meaning: long horn of rhinoceros, broad-bladed assegai

!Kung (Lloyd) : dːì ~ dì

!O!Kung (Snyman): dìí "short assegai"

Kavango : dȉi̋ "sort of assegai"

Ekoka : dìí (3) "(a) assegai, pike; (b) dagger"

References : Bleek 25; Heikkinen 1986; KH 21; Snyman 1980: 33.

RefLex number: 2944

Proto-Ju: *di

Meaning: lightning

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): di

!O!Kung (Snyman): dīì

References : Snyman 19; Snyman 1980: 43.

RefLex number: 3064

Proto-Ju: *diʔi

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LH [k]

Meaning: to be in a hurry, quick

Juǀʼhoan : dìʔí

ǀǀAuǀǀen : dì "to follow, fly after"

Kavango : !ȁà dìdìi̋ "run fast"

References : Bleek 25; Dickens 196; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 142

Proto-Ju: *diŋ₂

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [k] ~ XL [e]

Meaning: buttock, bottom, backside

Juǀʼhoan : dĩ̀ (n5 -si) // dĩ̀-ɳ!áŋ "afterwards, behind, backwards, below, underneath"; dĩ̀-ɳ!áŋ-kʰòè-à "afterwards, finally, at last"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dĩ "below"

!Kung (Lloyd) : dáŋ ~ dːáŋ ~ dãũ

!Kung (Vedder): dãŋ "root, bottom, seat"

!Kung (Wilhelm): daŋ-zen "buttocks"

!O!Kung (Snyman): dàŋ "anus, buttock"

Kavango : dȁŋ

Ekoka : dȁŋ̀ "buttock, bottom; below, under" // dȁ(ŋ)-dȁŋ "go backwards, reverse"

Notes : Cf. a similar phonetic situation with *ʒi "excrement".

References : Bleek 21, 22; Dickens 196; Heikkinen 1986; KH 19, 20; Snyman 27; Snyman 1980: 32.

RefLex number: 141

Proto-Ju: *doba

Tonal pattern: XL [e]

Meaning: to wipe away spoor

!Kung (Doke): dòːvā

!Kung (Vedder): dòwà

Ekoka : dȍʰbà "cover footprints"

References : Bleek 28; KH 23.

RefLex number: 2951

Proto-Ju: *doˤni

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ XX [k] ~ XM [e]

Meaning: to fasten (a button)

Juǀʼhoan : dȍˤnì

!Kung (Weich): doˤni "awl"

Kavango : dȍˤnȉ "bore a hole through" (?)

Ekoka : dȍˤnī "dig a hole" (?)

References : Dickens 197; Heikkinen 1986; KH 24; Weich 10.

RefLex number: 158

Proto-Ju: *doˤra

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: leaf, blade of grass

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : dòàˤrà (n5 -si) // dòàˤrà-dòàˤrà "to be thin, be translucent (of fabric or paper)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dwaˤraˤ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : dòra

Nogau : dorá ~ dorà

References : Bleek 27; Dickens 196; Snyman 23.

RefLex number: 151

Proto-Ju: *dom

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k]

Meaning: throat, voice; dry river bed, omuramba

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : dȍʰm (n3 -si) "river bed" // (n5 -si) "throat, voice"; dȍʰm-sõ̀ã̀ "water (praise name)"; (?) dòm (n5 -si) "hole"; dòm-!ʰáː "aardvark (praise name)"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : dòm

!Kung (Lloyd) : dːóˤmː

!Kung (Doke): dòm ~ dʌ̀m

!Kung (Vedder): dôm

!Kung (Wilhelm): dŭm

!Kung (Weich): doʰm

!O!Kung (Bleek) : dɔ̀m̀

Kavango : dȍm

Ekoka : dȍm ~ dȕm

Tsumkwe : dòm

Tsintsabis : dòm

Okongo : dòm

Leeunes : dòm

Mpunguvlei : dòm

Cuito : dòm

Cuando : dòm

South Omatako : dòm

North Omatako : dòm

Kameeldoring : dòm

Lister : dòm

References : Bleek 27, 29; Dickens 196; Heikkinen 1986; KH 23; Snyman 1997: 38; Weich 10.

RefLex number: 154

Proto-Ju: *dom

Tonal pattern: XL [k] ~ XL [e]

Meaning: to wash; to swim

!Kung (Lloyd) : duḿm

Kavango : dȍm̀ "shelter from rain/bathe"

Ekoka : dʰȍm̀ "to swim" // dȍm̀ (4) "rain shelter"; dȍm̀ "shelter from rain (vb.)"

Tsintsabis : dōm̄m̀ "to wash"

Leeunes : dōm̄m̀ "to wash"

South Omatako : dōm̄m̀ "to swim"

North Omatako : dʰòm "to swim"

Kameeldoring : dōm̄m̀ "to swim"

References : Bleek 29; Heikkinen 1986; KH 23; Snyman 1997: 41.

RefLex number: 2954

Proto-Ju: *dore

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: other, different

Juǀʼhoan : dóré

ǀǀAuǀǀen : dore // pl. dorisi

!Kung (Lloyd) : düre ~ düri

!Kung (Vedder): dòrè

!Kung (Wilhelm): dúreː "another"

!Kung (Weich): dóle

!O!Kung (Bleek) : dɔle

!O!Kung (Snyman): -dóré

Kavango : dóré

Ekoka : dōlē "foreign, alien"

References : Bleek 27, 29, 30; Dickens 197; Heikkinen 1986; KH 21; Snyman 1980: 32; Weich 10.

RefLex number: 160

Proto-Ju: *dũʔũ

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ ML [e]

Meaning: to bleed from the nose

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : dũ̀ʔṹ // dũ̀ʔṹ (n5) "nosebleed"

!Kung (Weich): duŋ "bleed"

Kavango : dòʔũ̀

Ekoka : dōʔŋ̀ ~ dùʔŋ̀

Tsumkwe : dũ̀ʔú

Tsintsabis : dũ̀ʔú

Leeunes : dũ̀ʔú

Mpunguvlei : dũ̀ʔú

Cuito : dũ̀ʔú

Cuando : dũ̀ʔú

South Omatako : dũ̀ʔú

Kameeldoring : dũ̀ʔú

Lister : dũ̀ʔú

References : Dickens 199; Heikkinen 1986; Honken 1998:174; KH 24; Snyman 1997: 38; Weich 11.

RefLex number: 188

Proto-Ju: *dxa-i / *dxa-e

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e] ~ LL [Sn.]

Meaning: frog

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : dxáí (n2 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dxei "bullfrog"

!Kung (Lloyd) : tːxéː "African bullfrog"

!Kung (Wilhelm): nxai

!O!Kung (Snyman): txáe "large frog"

Kavango : dxàe

Ekoka : dxàè (1)

Okongo : txàe

Leeunes : dxàe

Mpunguvlei : txàe

Cuito : txàe

Cuando : txàe

South Omatako : txàe

North Omatako : dxài

Kameeldoring : dxàe

Lister : dxàe

Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): tai "large frog".

Notes : The two variants are irreconcilable with each other (different not only in the final vowel, but also in tone and morphological class) and must represent two different formations from the same original root *dxa-.

References : Bleek 150, 188, 245; Dickens 199; Heikkinen 1986; KH 129; Snyman 39; Snyman 1980: 39; Snyman 1997: 59.

RefLex number: 190