North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *cʼa

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: to sleep

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʼá // (n5) "sleep (n.)"; cʼá-sí (n5 -si) "sleeping place"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cá ~ cʼaː

!Kung (Lloyd) : cà ~ cá // cá-si ~ cá-sːi "sleeping-place"

!Kung (Doke): cʼaː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cʼa ~ ca

!O!Kung (Snyman): cʼà

Kavango : cʼá

Ekoka : čʼā

Tsumkwe : cʼá

Tsintsabis : cʼá

Okongo : čʼá

Leeunes : cʼá

Mpunguvlei : cʼá

Cuito : cʼá

Cuando : čʼa

South Omatako : cʼá

North Omatako : cʼá

Kameeldoring : cʼá

Lister : cʼá

References : Bleek 210, 212; Dickens 278; Heikkinen 1986; KH 139; Snyman 1980: 6; Snyman 1997: 68.

RefLex number: 1646

Proto-Ju: *cʼa-ma

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ ML [k]

Meaning: bird

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʼàmà (n2)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼama

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cama

!Kung (Lloyd) : caba

!Kung (Doke): cʼāvà

!Kung (Vedder): cʼàva

!Kung (Wilhelm): cábaː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : caba ~ cama // ʒàba "feather" (?)

Kavango : cʼámà

Ekoka : čʼám ~ čʼám-mà

References : Bleek 30, 210, 211, 213; Dickens 278; Heikkinen 1986; KH 139; Snyman 68.

RefLex number: 1649

Proto-Ju: *cʼana

Tonal pattern: HH

Meaning: to be green, be unripe, be raw

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʼáná // cʼáná-sí (n5 -si) "rawness, unripeness, greenness"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼana

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cana-se

References : Bleek 212; Dickens 278; Snyman 38.

RefLex number: 1650

Proto-Ju: *cʼaŋ

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: louse

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʼĩ́ (n2)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼĩ

Kavango : ʒʼa̋ŋ "lice"

Ekoka : ǯʼŋ́

Tsumkwe : cʼĩ

Tsintsabis : cʼáŋ

Okongo : čʼáŋ

Leeunes : cʼáŋ

Mpunguvlei : cʼáŋ

Cuito : cʼáŋ

Cuando : čʼáŋ

South Omatako : cʼáŋ

North Omatako : cʼáŋ

Kameeldoring : cʼáŋ

Lister : cʼĩ

References : Dickens 279; Heikkinen 1986; KH 128; Snyman 27; Snyman 1997: 69.

RefLex number: 1661

Proto-Ju: *cʼao ~ *ǀxʼao

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to milk

Juǀʼhoan : cʼàò ~ ǀxʼàò // cʼàò-sí (n5 -si) "manner of milking, milking-place"; cʼàò gòˤrú "urinate (of a dog)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼao ~ ǀxʼao

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cʼau

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀxʼaò

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxʼào

Tsumkwe : ǀxʼào

Tsintsabis : ǀxʼào

Okongo : ǀxʼào

Leeunes : ǀxʼào

Mpunguvlei : ǂxʼàó [?]

Cuito : ǀxʼàó

Cuando : ǀxʼàó

South Omatako : ǀxʼáo

North Omatako : ǀxʼáo

Kameeldoring : ǀxʼáo

Lister : ǀxʼáo

Notes : Dubious forms. Some or all of them borrowed from Central Khoisan.

References : Bleek 213, 337; Dickens 278, 291; Snyman 22, 58; Snyman 1980: 44; Snyman 1997: 82.

RefLex number: 1651

Proto-Ju: *cʼau

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ MM [k]

Meaning: tooth

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʼàù (n5 -si) // cʼàù-à (n2 -si) "spear, assegai"; cʼáú-cʼáú (n5 -si) "thorn, spike"; (?) cʼáú-ǂàʔá (n3 -si) "plant sp., hardegras, Aristida pilgeri"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼeu

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cau-si ~ cou-si ~ cʼousi (pl.)

!Kung (Lloyd) : cːau ~ caù // pl. căú-ssiŋ

!Kung (Doke): cʼāuː

!Kung (Vedder): ʒʼáo

!Kung (Wilhelm): cʼauː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cau

!O!Kung (Snyman): cáo

Kavango : cʼáo

Tsumkwe : cʼàu

Tsintsabis : cʼáo

Okongo : čʼáo

Leeunes : cʼáo

Mpunguvlei : čʼaò

Cuito : cʼào

Cuando : čʼáo ~ cʼáo

South Omatako : cʼáo

North Omatako : cʼáu

Kameeldoring : cʼáo

Lister : cʼàu

Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): cau-si.

References : Bleek 31, 165, 213, 220; Dickens 278; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 72; Snyman 1980: 53; Snyman 1997: 68.

RefLex number: 1654

Proto-Ju: *cʼe(-ma)

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ ML [e]

Meaning: small

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʼèmà "be small, be little; be high-pitched, be soft-spoken" // cʼè "small" (adjective following a diminutive noun)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼema

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ceːma ~ cema

Nogau : cēma

!Kung (Lloyd) : céma ~ céːema // pl. céme; cía "a little"

!Kung (Doke): cʼēːmā

!Kung (Vedder): cʼeː

!Kung (Wilhelm): ceː ~ céːma

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cema ~ ʒema

!O!Kung (Snyman): cèmà ~ čʼèmà ~ cʼèmà

Kavango : cʼema

Ekoka : čʔēmà

Tsumkwe : cʼèmà

Tsintsabis : cʼèmà

Okongo : čʼèmà

Leeunes : cʼèmà

Mpunguvlei : čʼèmà

Cuito : cʼèmà

Cuando : cʼèmà ~ čʼèmà

South Omatako : cʼèrèmà

North Omatako : cʼèmà

Kameeldoring : cʼèmà

Lister : cʼèmà

References : Bleek 24, 214, 215, 217; Dickens 150; Heikkinen 1986; KH 139; Snyman 38; Snyman 1980: 6, 50; Snyman 1997: 68.

RefLex number: 1657

Proto-Ju: *cʼi

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: mouth

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʼí (n5 -si) "mouth, lid, song; herd, flock, troop etc. (second element in compound); (?) veld; outside" // cʼí-à-sì (n5 pl) "about, matter (of), concerning"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼi

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ci ~ ciː

!Kung (Lloyd) : ci ~ cì ~ cːì

!Kung (Vedder): cʼiː

!Kung (Wilhelm): ciː // ciŋ-!oː "lip"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cí:

Kavango : cʼi̋

Ekoka : čʼí

Tsumkwe : cʼí

Tsintsabis : cʼí

Okongo : cʼí

Leeunes : cʼí

Mpunguvlei : cʼi ~ čʼi

Cuito : cʼi

Cuando : cʼi ~ čʼi

South Omatako : cʼi

North Omatako : cʼi

Kameeldoring : cʼi

Lister : cʼi

References : Bleek 216, 218; Dickens 197, 279; Heikkinen 1986; KH 139; Snyman 38; Snyman 1997: 68.

RefLex number: 1658

Proto-Ju: *cʰe

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: interrogative adverb

Juǀʼhoan : cʰȅ

Ekoka : čé "what?, how?"

References : Dickens 275; KH 139.

RefLex number: 1596

Proto-Ju: *cʰi

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: terrapin, turtle

Juǀʼhoan : cʰȉì (n2)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʰiː

!Kung (Lloyd) : cì "green turtle"

!O!Kung (Snyman): čīì ~ cʰìː-ngíní

Tsumkwe : cʰīì

Tsintsabis : cʰīì

Okongo : čʰīì ~ ǯìː

Leeunes : cʰīì

Mpunguvlei : čìí

Cuito : čìí

Cuando : čìí

South Omatako : sìː

North Omatako : sìː

Kameeldoring : sìː

Lister : cʰìː

References : Bleek 216; Dickens 275; Snyman 19; Snyman 1980: 6, 53; Snyman 1997: 67.

RefLex number: 1405

Proto-Ju: *cʰu

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to vomit

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʰù

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cu

!Kung (Lloyd) : sù

!O!Kung (Snyman): cù ~ čù

Kavango : cȕ

Tsumkwe : cù

Tsintsabis : cù

Okongo : čù

Leeunes : cù

Mpunguvlei : cù ~ čù

Cuito : cù ~ čù

Cuando : cù ~ čù

South Omatako : sù

North Omatako : cù

Kameeldoring : sù

Lister : cù

References : Bleek 173; Dickens 275; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 38; Snyman 1980: 54; Snyman 1997: 69.

RefLex number: 1599

Proto-Ju: *ci

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: to come

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cí // cí-á "come to, come at (a time)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ci

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cí ~ ši ~ čí

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cí ~ či ~ cé

Kavango : ci̋

References : Bleek 179, 214, 216, 228; Dickens 275; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 16.

RefLex number: 1602

Proto-Ju: *co

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: sinew, thread, cord

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cò (n5 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): co "bow-string"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : čoː // pl. čõ-si

!Kung (Lloyd) : cːó ~ sːɔ́

!Kung (Vedder): côː

!Kung (Wilhelm): cːoː "bracelet"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : sɔʔo

!O!Kung (Snyman): čò

Kavango : cò

Tsumkwe : có

Tsintsabis : có

Okongo : čó

Leeunes : có

Mpunguvlei : čó

Cuito : čó

Cuando : čó ~ csó

South Omatako : sòˤ

North Omatako : có

Kameeldoring : sòˤo

Lister : có

Notes : Unclear glottal stop in !O!Kung.

References : Bleek 171, 172, 219, 232; Dickens 276; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 38; Snyman 1980: 49; Snyman 1997: 69.

RefLex number: 1604

Proto-Ju: *cõ (*č-)

Meaning: group of people

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Tsintsabis : tsőŋ

References : Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 3154

Proto-Ju: *cõã

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: a k. of cat

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cõ̏ã̏ʰ (n4) "civet cat"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cwã "spotted genet"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǯwã "mierkat"

Kavango : cõã̋

Tsumkwe : cõã

Tsintsabis : cõã

Okongo : čõã

Leeunes : cõã

Mpunguvlei : cõ̀ã̄ ~ čòã

Cuito : čõ̀ã

Cuando : cõ̀ã ~ čõ̀ã

South Omatako : sȭã

North Omatako : còa

Kameeldoring : sõ̀ã

References : Bleek 35; Dickens 276; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 32; Snyman 1997: 69.

RefLex number: 1606

Proto-Ju: *coaˤ

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: to pull out, uproot (pl. action)

Juǀʼhoan : cȍȁˤ "to pull out, pluck, unscrew, uproot, take off (a hat), moult (of birds)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cwaˤ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cwà

!Kung (Lloyd) : cwáˤ ~ suaˤː ~ sːuáˤ

!O!Kung (Bleek) : swà

Tsumkwe : coa

Tsintsabis : coaˤ

Leeunes : coaˤ

Cuando : šòáˤ ~ čòáˤ ~ sòáˤ

South Omatako : sòáˤ

Kameeldoring : sòáˤ

References : Bleek 175, 222; Dickens 276; Snyman 23; Snyman 1997: 69.

RefLex number: 1607

Proto-Ju: *cu

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: paternal uncle

Juǀʼhoan : cú (n1 -sĩ) "uncle (older than oneself), great-grandfather" // cú-mà (n1 - sĩ) "uncle (younger than oneself); aunt (of a man, younger than himself), nephew"; cú-á-kʰòè kò "be in an uncle-nephew relationship with each other"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cu

ǀǀAuǀǀen : čú

!Kung (Lloyd) : sù ~ cu // pl. cú-sːiŋ

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cu "cousin, niece"

Kavango : cű

References : Bleek 173, 221, 236; Dickens 276; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 38.

RefLex number: 1609

Proto-Ju: *cxabi

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: to grab (suddenly or quickly)

Juǀʼhoan : cxàí-cxàbí

Tsumkwe : cxàí-cxàbí

Tsintsabis : cxàbó

Okongo : čxàbó

Leeunes : čʰàbí ~ čʰàbú

Mpunguvlei : cxàbú

Cuito : cxàbú

South Omatako : sàbú

North Omatako : gù cxàbì ~ gù sxàbì

Kameeldoring : sàbú

Lister : cxà-cxàbi

Notes : Cf. also Mpunguvlei, Cuito, Cuando !xàbú id.

References : Dickens 276; Snyman 1997: 68.

RefLex number: 1614

Proto-Ju: *cxana

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: diarrhoea; to have diarrhoea

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cxànà (n5 -si) // cxànà-ɳǀȍmȁ (n5 -si) "medicine against diarrhoea"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cxana

References : Dickens 276; Snyman 39.

RefLex number: 1618

Proto-Ju: *cxari / *cxare

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: to warm oneself

Juǀʼhoan : cxárí "be warmed (by the sun or at a fire)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cxeri

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cxari

!Kung (Lloyd) : cɛ́rre ~ cxárre ~ cxérre

!Kung (Vedder): cxàre "to warm hands over fire"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cxare

!O!Kung (Snyman): cxàrì "bask by a fire"

Kavango : cxa̋ni̋

Tsumkwe : cxárí

Tsintsabis : cxàrì-ǂxài

Okongo : čxàrì-ǂxài

Leeunes : cxàrì-ǂxài

Mpunguvlei : cxàrì-ǂxài

Cuito : cxàlè

South Omatako : sxàrè

North Omatako : cxàrì

Kameeldoring : sxàrè

Lister : cxàrì

References : Bleek 216, 222; Dickens 276; Heikinnen 1986; Snyman 39; Snyman 1980: 7; Snyman 1991: 68.

RefLex number: 1619