Comments:The root evidently denoted some big bird of prey (kite, eagle or falcon); the isolated Ul. form fits in well phonetically, but not so well semantically.
Comments:Whitman 1985, 141, 217. Mong. and part of TM forms reveal an assimilation; it is not excluded that TM forms like čuču-n are secondarily borrowed < Mong.
Comments:The cluster *-jb- (in this case preserved explicitly in TM) accounts for the preservation of *-b- in Mong. and for the development *-b- > -w- (-0-) in Japanese.
Comments:KW 406, Владимирцов 154, Poppe 57, Miller 1981, 863 (Turk.-Jpn.). Despite Щербак 1997, 160, not borrowed in Turk. < Mong. It seems worth mentioning Evk. dial. tịko- `to die (of exhaustion), starve' - which may, however, be a derivative of tik- `to fall'.
Comments:KW 409, Дыбо 7, Sinor 1962, 321, Лексика 434. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer MT 104, hardly borrowed in TM from Mong. The Turk.-Mong. parallel is dismissed by Doerfer (TMN 2, 525), because "lautgesetzlich ist tü. -q- nicht = mong. -ɣ-" (?).
Comments:See АПиПЯЯ 70, Лексика 161. Jpn. high tone does not correspond to PTM length (the latter, however, is reconstructed only on the basis of the Sol. form and thus not reliable).
Comments:A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Mong. töl 'newborn animals' may reflect a merger of this root with a borrowing from Turk. *döl q. v.; but cf. perhaps tulbaɣa(n) (Khalkha tulbān) 'fry of the Siberian salmon', tulu 'Siberian salmon' - which can belong here if the meaning 'salmon fry' was original in Mongolian (with a later development > 'salmon' and consequent formation of the new derivative for 'salmon fry').
Comments:Lee 1958, 118, Poppe 1950, 580, Дыбо 10. Doerfer (TMN 2, 550-553), and similarly Щербак 1997, 157, regard the Mong. forms as borrowed < Turkic, where he derives all the above forms from *tul- 'abgesperrt sein' (a poorly attested reflexive form of the equally poorly attested *tu- 'absperren'): hardly acceptable. Since only the velar derivatives (in -kuk, -uk) are early attested in Turkic, it seems more plausible to regard forms like tulum / tulup as borrowed from Mongolian.
Comments:Manchu may be borrowed from Mong. (despite vocalic differences), thus the Proto-Altaic antiquity of the root is dubious; see, however, a Nostratic etymology in МССНЯ 341.
