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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ome
Meaning: marrow
Russian meaning: костный мозг
Comments: The Turk.-Mong. comparison see in VEWT 251 (but Manchu kemin is undoubtedly < Mong., see Rozycki 137). АПиПЯЯ 281, Дыбо 315, 262, Лексика 262. On a possible Jpn. reflex see under *k`ep`orV. altet.dbf-prnum,altet.dbf-meaning,altet.dbf-rusmean,altet.dbf-turc,altet.dbf-mong,altet.dbf-tung,altet.dbf-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *kEmük
Meaning: 1 bone 2 spongy bone 3 cartilage
Russian meaning: 1 кость 2 губчатая кость 3 хрящ
Turkish: kemik 1
Tatar: kimek 2
Middle Turkic: kemük (MA) 3, kömük (Pav. C.) 1 Uzbek: kɔmik, gɛmik (dial.) 2
Oyrat: kēmik 3
Kirghiz: kemik 2
Kazakh: kemik 2
Noghai: kemik 2
Bashkir: kimek 2
Balkar: gemik 2
Gagauz: kemik 1
Karaim: kemɨk 1
Karakalpak: kemik 2
Kumyk: gemik 3
Comments: VEWT 251, EDT 722, ЭСТЯ 5, 36-38, Лексика 261-262. Turk. > Mong. kemik 'cartilage' (see Щербак 1997, 126; but the derivation of the Turk. form from *gemür- 'to gnaw' (v. sub *kĕ̀ma) is a folk etymology, although some contaminations were possible: Yak. kömürüö 'spongy bone' semantically continues *kemük, but formally is derived from *gemür-. MK has kemdi- 'to cut meat from the bones' and kemdük 'bone with meat cut off' - forms that may be related both to *kemük and *gemür-. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-alt,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *kemi
Meaning: marrow, bone with marrow
Russian meaning: костный мозг, мозговая кость
Written Mongolian: kemi (L 451) Khalkha: xim
Kalmuck: kemǝ
Ordos: keme
Comments: KW 224. Cf. also WMong. kemtege 'bones near the hoofs of a horse' (L 452). monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xumā-n,-kin, *xum-nu
Meaning: 1 marrow 2 metatarsus
Russian meaning: 1 костный мозг 2 стопа, плюсна
Evenki: umān, umākin 1
Even: ụmъ̣n 1, ụ̄nmъ̣ 2
Negidal: oman 1, onmụ 2
Spoken Manchu: umǝhaŋ (332) 1
Literary Manchu: umGan, umχan 1, umuxun 2
Ulcha: xoma(n) / xụma(n) 1
Orok: xụma(n) 1, xūmnū 2
Nanai: xomã 1
Oroch: uma(n) 1, umnu 2
Udighe: uma(n) 1
Solon: ụ̄mā̃ 1
Comments: ТМС 2, 266-7, 274. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳVmV ?
Meaning: hard, bone
Dravidian: SDr *kēm- 'strong, hard'
References: МССНЯ 368; ND 629 *gämV 'strong, firm' (+Chad.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-esk,nostret-chuk,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *ak-m- <PIH *a->, *kām- (IndoIr -k'-)
Meaning: stone, rock
Hittite: aku- c. 'stone', akuwant- 'stony' (Tischler 10-11 to *ak'- 'sharp')
Old Indian: áśman-, gen. áśnaḥ, instr. áśnā m. `stone, rock; firmament, cloud'
Avestan: asman-, gen. ašnō, abl. ašnäat_ 'Stein, Himmel', asmana- 'steinern'; asǝngō-gav-mi 'Händen aus Stein'; aɵangaina- 'steinern'
Other Iranian: OPers asman- 'Himmel'
Old Greek: ep., ion., poet. ákmōn, -onos m. `Amboss'
Baltic: *ak-mō̃ (*ak-men-es) (1)
Celtic: Gaul acaunum `saxum'
Russ. meaning: камень, скала
References: WP I 28 f
Comments: Cf. *k(')em-er/n- #2974 'sky, cloud', often united with "stone" by folk etymology (Hitt. forms show that "heaven" was *k(')em- while "stone" was *ak'm-).
piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-iran,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-comment,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: ка́мень,
Near etymology: род. п. -мня, камы́к, ка́мешек, укр. ка́мiнь, род. п. ка́меню, др.-русск., ст.-слав. камы, род. п. камене πέτρα (Супр.), болг. ка́мен, ка́мик, сербохорв. ка̏ми, ка̏ме̑н, словен. kámen, kȃmik, чеш. kámen, род. п. kаmеnе, слвц. kameň, польск. kamień, kamyk, в.-луж., н.-луж. kamjeń, полаб. komói.
Further etymology: Родственно д.-в.-н., др.-сакс. hamar, др.-исл. hamarr "молот", первонач., вероятно, стар. основа на -r/n-; см. Штрайтберг, IF 2, 419; Френкель, KZ 63, 183 и сл.; Цупица, GG 108. Наряду с и.-е. *kāmen- существовало и.-е. *akmen- и *aḱmen-, напр., лит. akmuõ, -еñs "камень" наряду с ašmuõ, лтш. asmens "острие, лезвие, лезвие ножа", греч. ἄκμων, род. п. ἄκμονος "наковальня", др.-инд. ác̨mā м. "камень, скала", ac̨marás "каменный", авест., др.-перс. asman- "камень"; см. Бернекер 1, 478; Траутман, ВSW 5; М.--Э. I, 144; Мейе, Еt. 424.
Pages: 2,173-174
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *xama-ra-z-; *xama-l=; *xumVl=
Meaning: stone, rock, hammer
Old Norse: hamar-r m. `Stein, Fels, Klippe; Hammer; Haienart'; hɔmul-grǖti n. `steiniger Boden, Absammlung von kleinen runden Steinen unter der Erde', hemlu-grǖti `id.'
Norwegian: dial. humul `kleine, runde Steine'
Swedish: hammare `abgehauener Stein, Klippe'; dial. hummel `stumpfer Bergabsatz'
Danish: hammer
Old English: hamer, homer, hamor, -es m. `a hammer'
English: hammer
Old Frisian: homer
Old Saxon: hamar, hamur
Middle Dutch: hamer
Dutch: hamer m.
Middle Low German: hāmer
Old High German: hamar (9. Jh.)
Middle High German: hamer st. m. 'hammer'; hamel st. m. 'hammel; abgehauener stein, klotz, stange; schroff abgebrochene anhöhe, klippe, berg'
German: Hammer m., Hammel m.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ome
Meaning: marrow
Russian meaning: костный мозг
Comments: The Turk.-Mong. comparison see in VEWT 251 (but Manchu kemin is undoubtedly < Mong., see Rozycki 137). АПиПЯЯ 281, Дыбо 315, 262, Лексика 262. On a possible Jpn. reflex see under *k`ep`orV. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 266
Proto: *kämä
English meaning: hard
German meaning: hart, fest
Finnish: kämä 'steifer, unbiegsamer Zustand', kämeä 'dick, stark, kräftig' ?
Mordovian: keme (E), kemä (M) 'hart, fest'
Hungarian: kemény 'hart, fest'
Selkup: k͔oom (Ke.) 'hart, zäh', qōmeŋ (TaU), qōm (Ty.)
Kamass: komdǝ- 'härten'
Sammalahti's version: (FU?) *kämä
Yukaghir parallels: kim 'hart, fest'
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-mrd,uralet-ugr,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-samm2,uralet-yuk,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *qǝmi-ʁ (-ɫuɣ)
Meaning: spine, backbone
Russian meaning: позвоночник
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 926
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *qǝmi-ʁ (-ɫuɣ)
Meaning: spine, backbone
Russian Meaning: позвоночник
Chaplino: qǝmíq (t) 'part of back near the spinal column'
Koniag (AAY): qǝmiχɫuk
Central Alaskan Yupik: qǝmiχɫuk
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 297
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-chap,yupet-koni,yupet-cay,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *qỊmị̈-ʁ- (-luɣ, -unt)
Meaning: spine, backbone
Russian meaning: позвоночник
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qimiʁluk
SPI Dialects: W qimiʁɣʎuk*, KI qimẹʁʎuk*
North Alaskan Inupik: qimiʁĺuk
NAI Dialects: B qimiʁautaq*
WCI Dialects: Cor qimiʎʎuaq*, Sig qimiʁluk 'human back' [Pet.], qimiʁutit 'pole for hanging fish to dry on', Car? qimmiʁut 'wooden pole supporting roof, keel of boat' [Schn.]
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qimiʁluk 'dorsal spine, spinal column'
Greenlandic Inupik: qimiʁɫuk, qimiʁɫuq (qimerdloq*) sg. 'vertebra', pl. 'back, spine'
GRI Dialects: NG qimiʁut 'tent ridge pole'
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 297
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wcis,inupet-eci,inupet-gri,inupet-gris,inupet-ced,
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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kǝmhǝ-ɣvъ-
Meaning (Rus.): камень, галька, грузило
kamet-prnum,kamet-meaning,kamet-chuk,kamet-itel,
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Chukchee-Koryak etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *kъmʁъ-ɣbъ-
Meaning (Rus.): камень 1, галька, круглый камень (обмытый морем) 2
Koryak: kǝmhǝ-wwǝ-n (II) 1, kǝmháwǝn* 2
Alutor: kǝmhǝ-wwǝ-n, kǝmhu-wwǝ-n(*) 1
Comments: Ср. *tkъm-, *kǝ̣mʁụ- 'комок etc' (640).
chuket-prnum,chuket-meaning,chuket-kor,chuket-alu,chuket-comments,
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Itelmen etymology :
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Proto-Itelmen: *kĭmǝɣ(ʷ)iŋ
Meaning (Rus.): грузило
West Itelmen: kimǝɣin, kmǝɣɨn
West Itelmen meaning: onus apud rete
West Itelmen meaning (Polish): ciężar przy niewodzie
Comments: На велярный характер конечного носового -ŋ указывает использование Дыбовским знака "ы" = [ɨ], конечная часть может значить 'сеть' или, скорее, отражает -ɣʷǝŋ 'камень'.
itelet-prnum,itelet-meaning,itelet-wit,itelet-witmea,itelet-witmep,itelet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVMV
Meaning : hard
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,globet-austr,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hamq̇_wĂ / *q̇Hwamq̇_wĂ
Meaning: hard
Comments and references : In ST cf. also synonymous *kāŋ and *qhăŋ. Cf. also Basq. gogor 'hard' (here rather than to *GwērV 'stone'?).
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *Hamq̇_wĂ / *q̇Hwamq̇_wĂ
Meaning: hard
Proto-West Caucasian: *q:ʷa Notes: The root is probably also reflected in Nakh (cf. Chech. =eq̇a 'hard, rigid'), but here it has completely merged (for phonetic reasons) with PNC *=ĭG_wĂr 'dry, to dry' (q.v.). As with many adjectival stems, the root is frequently reduplicated. EC and WC languages reflect both the simple and the reduplicated stem. In some subgroups (particularly, in Lezghian) the root was subject to complicated expressive transformations, but still the semantic and phonetic unity of the listed forms is beyond doubt.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *q̇:ʷanḳa- ( ~ o)
Meaning: 1 hard 2 to harden
Avar: q̇:ʷaḳ- 2
Akhvakh: q̇:ʷãḳe-da- 1
Chamalal: q̇:ʷaḳi-dda 1
Tindi: ḳaḳa-ṭu- 1
Karata: q̇:ʷanḳo- 1
Comments: In Tindi there occurred an assimilation (ḳaḳa- < *q̇:ʷaḳa-). Cf. also Kar. q̇:ʷanḳ- 'to harden'. A remnant of a non-reduplicated form may be Akhv. q̇:a-re-da- 'hard' (used as a synonym of q̇:ʷãḳe-da-).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: q̇aInq̇a-
Meaning: hard, rigid
Lak form: q̇aInq̇a-
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *q̇aImq̇-
Meaning: hard
Chiragh: q̇Iamq̇I-ze
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-chr,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *Hamq̇ʷV
Meaning: hard, rigid
Tabasaran: waq̇Ii
Archi: ṭanq̇-du-
Comment: Tab. waq̇Ii < *ʔamq̇Ii; Archi has an expressive prefix ṭ- (sometimes used in adjectival and verbal roots). Besides *Hamq̇ʷV, Lezgian languages have a series of phonetically close forms with *-q̇:(ʷ)- and *-q:-: Tab. Düb. c-uq:i, Ag. q:uq:u-f (Burk. q:uq:u-f) 'hard', Lezg. weq:i 'rigid, rough', quq:ʷa-z 'to become rigid, to harden' (Khl. qʷq:ʷaj 'hard' = lit. quq:ʷaj 'hardened'), Rut. Mukh. (Ibragimov) ʁiʁ-dɨ 'hard, tough', Luch. q-u=ʁʷa- 'to harden, dry out' ( = Lezg. quq:ʷa-), ʁIɨʁI-dɨ 'hard'. It is rather hard to reconstruct a single protoform for all these forms: we probably deal both with expressive modifications of PL *Hamq̇ʷV and with assimilative developments of the reduplicated form *q̇Vmq:V (from the PEC variant *q̇Hwamq̇_(w)Ă).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *q:ʷa / *q:ʷVq:ʷa
Meaning: hard
Abkhaz: á-ʁʷʁʷa
Ubykh: qʷa
Comments: Cf. also Ub. qʷa- (a-qʷá-n) 'to harden'. The Abkh. form is reduplicated ( < PAT *ɣʷǝɣʷa).
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *g(h)ăŋH
Meaning: hard, solid
Kachin: (H) khaŋ be strong, durable.
Lushai: khaŋ congealed, solidified, set.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 彊
Modern (Beijing) reading: qiáng
Preclassic Old Chinese: ghaŋ
Classic Old Chinese: ghaŋ
Western Han Chinese: ghaŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: ghaŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ
Middle Chinese: gaŋ
English meaning : be strong
Russian meaning[s]: 1) мощный, сильный; 2) избыточный; с излишком; [qiǎng] 1) через силу, насильно; 2) постараться, см. 強; [jiǎng] 1) граница, см. 疆; 2) упорный, упрямый
Comments: = 強 q.v. The character is also used in the reduplication *kaŋ-kaŋ 'fierce' (thus in Shi 49.1). During LZ also used for *ghaŋʔ, MC gáŋ 'to make an effort; compel' (a related form?).
Radical: 57
Four-angle index: 61
Karlgren code: 0710 e-g
Shijing occurrences: 49.1_, 49.2_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *kVŋ
Meaning: hard, dry
Austroasiatic meaning: stiff
Proto-Austronesian: *ekeŋ (also *egaŋ 'dry')
Austronesian meaning: stiff
Proto-Thai: goŋ.A durable CK
Notes: Prob. two roots (another with prnum 614)
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-tai,austr-notes,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: kVŋ
Meaning: dry
Khasi: rykhiaŋ
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-khasi,
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