Chinese characters :

Character: 奉

Modern (Beijing) reading: fèng

Preclassic Old Chinese: bhoŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: bhóŋ

Western Han Chinese: bhóŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: bhóŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: bhóŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bhóŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: bhóŋ

Middle Chinese: bö́uŋ

English meaning : hold with both hands;hold up,present,receive

Russian meaning[s]: 1) принимать от высшего; вручать высшему; брать (подносить) обеими руками; 2) служить, прислуживать; почитать; 3) вежл. иметь честь, иметь удовольствие; 4) поддерживать; выдвигать; 5) жалованье, см. 俸; 6) сокр. устар. г. Мукден; мукденский

Comments: Also read MC phö́uŋ, OC *phoŋʔ id. There are several related characters: 捧 pěng, MC phö́uŋ, OC *phoŋʔ 'to hold up with both hands' (attested since L. Chou), as well as 摓 féng, MC böuŋ, OC *bhoŋ id. (attested since Han). Although the latter MC reading is attested only in Jiyün, it is supported by Fuchou phuŋ² (pointing to *bh-) and by the Vietnamese loanword bồng 'to carry (a child) in one's arms' (note that the literary Sino-Viet. reading of 奉 is phụng). A very similar form is Viet. bu'ng 'to carry with both hands', possibly reflecting a variant *phoŋ (with even tone?).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 37

Four-angle index: 2452

Karlgren code: 1197 |z-a ́

Vietnamese reading: bồng

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *phŏmH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: take with two hands

Chinese: 奉 *phoŋʔ, *bhoŋʔ take or hold with both hands.

Tibetan: sbam (p. sbams, imp. sboms) to put together, to collect.

Burmese: phamh to grasp, catch.

Kachin: ǝphum³ to embrace.

Lushai: pom to embrace; carry in the arms, KC *r-pom.

Comments: Sh 411; Mat. 191. Cf. Kulung bem-ma 'carry under one's arm'.

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 518

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 奉

MC description : 通合三上腫奉

ZIHUI: 1144 2433

Beijing: fǝŋ 3

Jinan: fǝŋ 3

Xi'an: fǝŋ 3

Taiyuan: fǝŋ 3

Hankou: foŋ 3

Chengdu: foŋ 3

Yangzhou: fɔuŋ 3

Suzhou: voŋ 32

Wenzhou: ɦoŋ 22

Changsha: xoŋ 31 (lit.); xoŋ 32

Shuangfeng: ɣaŋ 32; ɣǝn 32

Nanchang: фuŋ 32

Meixian: fuŋ 3

Guangzhou: fuŋ 32

Xiamen: hɔŋ 32

Chaozhou: hoŋ 22

Fuzhou: xouŋ 32

Shanghai: voŋ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: fuŋ 3

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: [*fVmḳV] ?

Meaning: hand, arm

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *fimḳwV

Sino-Tibetan: *phŏmH

Yenisseian: *bän-, *biʔŋ

Basque: *hu[m]ki

Comments and references : For *biʔŋ cf. alternatively PNC *mēɦwV̆ `hand, extremity'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *fimḳwV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fist

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hunḳa (~-o)

Proto-Dargwa: *χ:unḳ

Proto-Lezghian: *χ:i(m)ḳ

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (one of the roots with the relatively rare phoneme *f).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hunḳa (~-o)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fist

Chamalal: hũč̣a

Bagvalal: hunḳa

Godoberi: hunḳ́a

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *χ:unḳ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fist

Akusha: χunḳ

Comments: Cf. also Ur. χunḳ, Kharb. χ:unḳ etc.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *χ:i(m)ḳ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fist

Archi: χ:iḳ

Comment: Isolated within Lezg., but having good external parallels.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *bän-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sleeve

Ket: banna⁶, pl. bannan⁵

Yug: bɛngou⁵, pl. bɛngɔnɨŋ⁵ / bɛngoun⁵

Kottish: haipen, pl. haipanaŋ

Comments: ССЕ 207. Werner 1, 101-102. Both Ket-Yug and Kottish reflect compounds with elements, quite plausibly interpreted by Werner (ibid.) as *gu (*ku) 'opening' (q.v.) and *χäʔʒ 'clothing' (q.v.)

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hu[m]ki

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to touch 2 touch, feeling (n.)

Bizkaian: uku-tu, iku-tu 1

Gipuzkoan: iku-tu 1, (Andoain) uki-tu 1

High Navarrese: uki-tu 1

Low Navarrese: hunki-(tu) 1

Salazarese: onki-tu 1

Lapurdian: hunki-(tu) 1, Gethari) uki 2

Baztanese: uki-tze

Aezkoan: uki-tu 1

Zuberoan: húnki-(tü) 1

Comments: Cf. PEC *fimḳwV 'fist'. The match of eastern Bsq /nk/ ~ western /k/ is unusual. Trask thought it had to be due to sporadic insertion of the nasal in the East, but other explanations are possible. PSC *m in non-initial positions is unstable in Bsq and usually disappears in clusters. We have tentatively reconstructed Bsq *hu[m]ki-, though so far we know of no other cases of Bsq *-mk-.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVNKV

Meaning : hand, fist

Eurasiatic : *ṗVnḳV

Sino-Caucasian : [*fVmḳV]

Austric : *pVm (if not < ST)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗVnḳV

Meaning: fist, handle

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *pnkʷ-

Uralic: *paŋka

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *p^enst- (*p^enkʷ-sti-)

Meaning: fist

Slavic: *pę̄stь

Baltic: ? *kum̂st-iā̃ f.

Germanic: *funst-i- c.

Russ. meaning: кулак

References: WP II 84

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kum̂st-iā̃ f.

Meaning: fist

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: kùmstē, kùmštē `Faust'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *funsti-z

Meaning: fist

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old English: fǖst, -e f.

English: fist

Old Frisian: fēst

Old Saxon: fūst

Middle Dutch: vuust f.

Dutch: vuist f.

Old High German: fūst (8.Jh.) `Faust, Höhlung der Hand, Handvoll'

Middle High German: vūst, voust st. f., alem. vunst, pl. vünst 'faust'

German: Faust f.

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1539

Root: pn̥ksti-

English meaning: fist

German meaning: `Faust'?

Material: Ahd. fūst, ags. fȳst = abg. pęstь (*pìnstь) `Faust'.

References: WP. II 84, Trautmann 218 f.;

See also: zu germ. faŋχan (pā̆k̂- und pā̆ĝ-, S. 788) oder zu penkʷe `fünf'.

Pages: 839

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 714

Proto: *paŋka

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: handle, shaft

German meaning: Band, Griff, Handgriff, Schaft

Finnish: panka (gen. pangan) 'Rutenband um den Besen, Halfter des Rentiers, Arm eines Spinnrockens', panki, pankki 'Eimer' ?

Estonian: paŋ̄G (gen. paŋGà) (dial.) 'Griff, Handgriff'

Saam (Lapp): bag'ge -gg- (N) 'halter for reindeer, horse or cow', paggē (L), pa_ikk (Not.) 'Halfter'

Mordovian: paŋgo (ERS), paŋga (MoRS) 'женский головной убор' ?

Mari (Cheremis): pōχ-kɔ̄̈lǝj (KU), pɔ̄χ-k_oāliɣ (So.) 'Zügel'

Nenets (Yurak): paŋk (O) 'Axtsteil', paŋktā- (Kis.) 'schäften', ṕema paŋk (Nj.) 'Schaft des Beinlingsstiefels'

Enets (Yen): foggo (Ch.), poggo (B) 'Schaft eines Beils, Hammers'

Nganasan (Tawgi): fónka id., fuŋúbsaŋ, fuŋúsaŋ 'eiserner Handgriff am Kessel'

Selkup: paq (TaM) 'Schaft', pāŋka (KeO) 'Stiel eines Messers', păk͔, paŋ͔ (N) 'Schaft (an Messer, Axt)'

Kamass: pǝ̑ŋa, pǝ̑ŋŋa, paŋa 'Griff, Schaft, Stiel'

Addenda: Koib. пог'а 'черен у ножа'; Ma aŋga

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *pVm

Meaning: handful

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: pVm

Austroasiatic meaning: handful

Proto-Thai: [pa:m.A to take with fingers]

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: pVm

Meaning: handful

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: [pa:m.A to take with fingers]

Khmer: cpa:m

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: cpa:m, chba:m

Meaning: to take up in the hand, grip

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

References: JP171, JP192

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