Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *χowe

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mouth

Ket: qō, pl. qɔʔn²

Yug: xo, pl. xɔʔn²

Kottish: hōpi, pl. hōpaŋ; Ass. hóhuj (Сл.) "face", (М., Сл., Кл.) "mouth"; xoboj (Кл.) "mouth"

Comments: ССЕ 302-303. Werner 2, 126 <*qo>, preferring to treat the Kott. word as a compound (but with what second component?) - whereas the reflex *-w- > Kott. -p- is quite regular.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɦŏ́mxGVwV

Meaning: mouth

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ɦŏmG_wĭ (~-ĕ)

Sino-Tibetan: *khuā(H)

Yenisseian: *χo(ʔ)we

Basque: *a=ho

Comments and references : HGC 20 (somewhat differently), LDC 15. In ST there's some confusion between this root and *[k]ău̯V q.v. PY has lost -ʔ- (in the CVCe structure), but preserves it in plural. Cf. also Bsq. *hobi 'gums' (352).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦŏmG_wĭ (~-ĕ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: throat; mouth

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hi(n)q̇:ʷV

Proto-Tsezian: *haqu (~-ã-)

Proto-Lak: uInq̇u-

Proto-Lezghian: *hIamq̇: (~h-,ʔʷ-)

Proto-West Caucasian: *q̇́ʷǝ

Notes: Correspondences are regular. This etymology for PAK *ʡʷǝ 'mouth' is phonetically preferable to Trubetzkoy's comparison with Av. abize 'say' (see Trubetzkoy 1930) or Balkarov's comparison with Av. ḳal 'mouth' (Balkarov 1964, 101). Abdokov (1983, 76) correctly compares the WC form with Gin. haqu (misspelled as haq̇u), but adds also Av. ḳal and other unrelated EC forms.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hi(n)q̇:ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 throat 2 crop, craw, goitre

Avar: muq̇:úr 2

Akhvakh: oq̇:o 1 (Tlan.)

Comments: Av. muq̇ú- < *Humq̇:ú-. [On the other hand, the Avar word somewhat resembles Ing. boqqar 'crop, craw' - but the phonetic side of the Avar-Ingush comparison is problematic, and we prefer the Andian etymology].

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *haqu (~-ã-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mouth (inside)

Tsezi: haqu

Ginukh: haqu

Comments: PTsKh *haqu (~-ã-).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: uInq̇u-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nasopharynx

Lak form: uInq̇u-s:urs:u

Comments: A compound with s:urs:u 'neck'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *hIamq̇: (~h-,ʔʷ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: throat (of a person)

Archi: hanq̇

Comment: For *q̇: cf. Arch. loc. hanq̇:a. Isolated in Arch. [cf. perhaps - with irregular correspondences - Tsakh. Tsakh. hɨrq̇Ium "Adam's apple"?], but having reliable external parallels.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *q̇́ʷǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mouth

Adyghe: ʡʷǝ

Kabardian: ʡʷǝ

Comments: PAK *ʡʷǝ (presupposing PWC *q̇́ʷ-, *q́:Iʷ- or *q̇́Iʷ-).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *khuā(H)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mouth, hole

Chinese: 口 *khōʔ mouth.

Burmese: ku a cave, cavity, grave.

Kachin: (H) khu a hole, opening.

Lushai: kua (ko) a hole, a burrow, a cavity.

Comments: BG *k(h)u mouth: Garo ku ~ khu, Dimasa khu. Ben. 184.

Chinese characters :

Character: 口

Modern (Beijing) reading: kǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: khōʔ

Classic Old Chinese: khṓ

Western Han Chinese: khwā́

Eastern Han Chinese: khwā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: khṓw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khǝ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: khǝ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: khʌ́w

English meaning : mouth

Russian meaning[s]: 1) рот, уста; 2) отверстие; дыра; прореха; пробоина; жерло (орудия); горлышко (сосуда); 3) устье (реки); порт, гавань; вход; выход; горный проход, перевал; 4) лезвие; 5) счетный суффикс а) для людей; б) для домашних животных; в) для предметов с крышкой или отверстием; г) для лезвий, ножей; д) глоток (воды); затяжка (табака); 6) устно, на словах; произношение, выговор; обсуждать; 7) сокр. г. Калган

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 1061

Karlgren code: 0110 a-c

Vietnamese reading: khâ`u

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 32

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 口

MC description : 流開一上厚溪

ZIHUI: 0656 1558

Beijing: khou 2

Jinan: khou 2

Xi'an: khou 2

Taiyuan: khou 2

Hankou: khou 2

Chengdu: khǝu 2

Yangzhou: khôɨ 2

Suzhou: khöy 2

Wenzhou: khǝu 21

Changsha: khôu 2

Shuangfeng: khie 2

Nanchang: khiɛu 2

Meixian: khɛu 2

Guangzhou: hau 21

Xiamen: khɔ 2 (lit.); khau 2

Chaozhou: khau 21

Fuzhou: keu 2 (lit.); khau 2

Shanghai: khôɨ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: khou 2

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *a=ho

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mouth

Bizkaian: ao, ago, (Arratia, Orozko) abo

Gipuzkoan: ao, ago

High Navarrese: ao, ago

Low Navarrese: aho

Salazarese: ago

Lapurdian: aho

Baztanese: ago

Zuberoan: áho

Roncalese: ao, ago

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNKV

Meaning : throat

Eurasiatic : HVŋV

Afroasiatic : *ḥanuḳ(-ar)- (ND: also *ħVng-)

Sino-Caucasian : *ɦŏ́mxGVwV

Reference : ND 2601 *XUŋgV 'throat'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HVŋV

Meaning: neck, throat

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *angʷh-

Altaic: *òŋi(čV)

References: Suggested by V. Glumov.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *angʷh-

Meaning: neck

Old Greek: aeol. ámphēn, -enos (Theok.) `Nacken'

Germanic: *ang-an- m., *ang-ōn- f.

Russ. meaning: шея

References: WP I 62 f

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *angēn, *angōn

Meaning: neck

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *hals-aŋga m. (n) `neck'

Old High German: ancha, enka f. `Genick'; ancho `Nacken'

Middle High German: anke wk. m. 'genick'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *òŋi(čV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: windpipe, part of neck

Russian meaning: дыхательное горло, часть шеи

Turkic: *öŋüč

Mongolian: *öŋgül-

Tungus-Manchu: *uŋ-se, *uŋnu-

Japanese: *ùnà(-nsi)

Comments: KW 297, Лексика 233.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *öŋüč

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: larynx, windpipe

Russian meaning: гортань, дыхательное горло

Old Turkic: öŋüč (OUygh.)

Tatar: üŋäč

Middle Turkic: öŋü-lük 'нагрудное украшение' (R)

Uzbek: ɔŋgač

Uighur: öŋgäč

Khakassian: ögös

Shor: ȫs 'грудная клетка'

Oyrat: öč, diL. ȫč (Leb.)

Yakut: öŋüs, üŋüs

Tuva: ȫš

Kirghiz: öŋöč

Kazakh: öŋeš

Bashkir: üŋäs

Karakalpak: öŋeš

Comments: VEWT 373, EDT 172, ЭСТЯ 1, 536, Лексика 233.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *(h)öŋgül-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hollow under Adam's apple

Russian meaning: ямка под кадыком

Written Mongolian: öŋgölegür (L 638: öŋgelegür)

Khalkha: öŋgölǖr, öŋgölʒǖr

Kalmuck: öŋgǝlǖr, öŋgllǖr, üŋgǝlǖr

Comments: KW 297.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *uŋ-se, *uŋnu-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 palate 2 sinew in deer's neck 3 aorta, breast bone 4 Adam's apple, craw 5 region under the shoulderblade

Russian meaning: 1 небо 2 жила в шее оленя 3 аорта, выемка у грудной кости 4 кадык, зоб 5 место под лопаткой

Evenki: uŋrēn 2, unŋun 1

Even: önŋъlъk, uŋne 3

Negidal: ūŋele 4

Orok: uŋele 5

Comments: ТМС 2, 275, 30, 279, 280, Дыбо 138-139.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ùnà(-nsi)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: back of head, nape

Russian meaning: затылок, задняя часть головы

Old Japanese: una, unazi

Middle Japanese: ùnàzì

Tokyo: ùnaji

Kyoto: únájí

Kagoshima: unají

Comments: JLTT 563.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḥanuḳ(-ar)-

Meaning: palate, inside of mouth, gorge

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḥanḳ- 'inside of mouth' 1, 'Adam's apple' 2

Berber: *Hanḳ- 'palate' ~ *hVnVḳ- 'hiccup' (n.)

Western Chadic: *hanḳ- 'throat' (?)

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *Hunḳ- 'to cough, be out of breath' ~ *Hanḳar- 'throat, gorge'

Saho-Afar: *Hanḳar- 'palate, gorge, throat'

Low East Cushitic: *ḥiḳ- 'panting; asthma' ~ *ḥoḳ-at- 'tonsil'

High East Cushitic: *(ḥ)aḳ- 'inside of mouth' (?)

Dahalo (Sanye): *ḥanḳar- 'palate'

Notes: Cf. *ḥank(-ar)- 'palate, gorge, uvula', *ḥang-ur- 'throat, gorge' and ḳu(n)ḳ- 'throat, gorge'.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 2627

Proto-Semitic: *ḥanḳ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'inside of mouth' 1, 'Adam's apple' 2

East Ethiopic: Sel hanḳa 1 (h- most likely <*ḥ-; cf. LGur LXIV), Zw anḳa1

Gurage: Ch End Enn Gye Muh Msq anḳa 1 LGur 68

Soqotri: Qadhub ḥɛnṣ̌ǝ́ḳɔh 'creux sous la pomme d'Adam, pomme d'Adam' SSL LS 1459 (<*ḥVnḳiḳ-). Cf. SOQ ḥanḳ 'collier' [LS 183].

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *Hanḳ- 1 ~ *hVnVḳ- 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'palate' 1, 'hiccup' (n.) 2

Ghadames: īneɣ 1

Ghat: ta-hnǝqq-it 2

Ayr: anɣa 1

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): aŋɣ, pl. aŋɣiwen F 1405 1; tă-hnǝqq-it 2

Tawllemmet: anɣa

Semlal: anɣa, pl. anɣiwen

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *hanḳ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'throat'

Hausa: hánḳá

Notes: h- is not from *ḥ which yields g- in Hs.

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *Hunḳ- 1, 3 ~ *Hanḳar- 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to cough' 1, 'throat, gorge' 2, 'be out of breath' 3, 'uvula' 4, 'hiccup' 5

Bilin: unq 1, anqar 2 Rein Bil 40

Qemant: ĭnqit (refl. of inqī ?) 3 (Con Ros 168)

Notes: No vowel in Anlaut in Bil rather points to *ḥ-, not to *ʕ- which is preserved in this language. However, Bil anqar may be a loan from Eth.

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *Hanḳar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'palate, gorge, throat'

Saho: anqár Rein Sa 40

Afar (Danakil): anqára Rein Af 813

Notes: Unless from Eth.

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ḥiḳ- 1 ~ *ḥoḳ-at- 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'panting; asthma' 1, 'tonsil' 2

Somali: ḥíiq 1 (Abr 121), ḥoqád 2 (Abr 123) (<*ḥVḳ-at-? -d may render *-t)

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *(ḥ)aḳ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'inside of mouth'

Hadiya (Gudella): aḳa

Kambatta: aḳo

Notes: LGur 68. *ḥ- is rather expected to render *h-.

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: ḥaŋḳára

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'palate'

Notes: EEN 27

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