Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *taʔj ( ~ c-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold, frost

Ket: taʔj

Yug: taʔj (Werner 2, 250)

Kottish: tonog 'winter' (?)

Comments: ССЕ 280. Werner 2, 250 *t^haʔj; the comparison with Kott. tonog is suggested (with doubts) in Werner 2, 274.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *šṭwÉHV

Meaning: cold, frost

North Caucasian: *č̣wEHV ( ~ č̣_w-)

Yenisseian: *taʔj (~c-,č-)

Basque: *hoc

Comments and references : Different in HGC 18. [Cf. also PY *t[i]ʔŋ `frost'].

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *č̣wErHV (/*rHEč̣wV)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold

Proto-Nakh: *pšā

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɔč̣V A

Proto-Lezghian: *ruč̣(a)

Proto-West Caucasian: *č̣́ʷǝ (/*č́ʷǝ)

Notes: A common NC adjectival and nominal stem. It is not quite clear whether r- in PL *ruč̣(a) ( = Gunz. rɔč̣u) should be treated as a former class prefix or as part of the root. The latter hypothesis seems preferable, because in Nakh languages the word has no class prefixes. See Abdokov 1983, 104 (Tsez. : WC).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *pšā

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 ice 2 spring, brooklet

Chechen: ša 1

Ingush: ša 1

Batsbi: pša 1,2

Comments: Obl. base *pšē- (cf. Chech. Usl. šē-ŋ). 5th class in Chech. and Bacb., but 6th class in Ing. There exists a derivate from this root: PN *pšē-l "cold (n.)" (cf. Bacb. pšel, Chech. šel-dan "to cool", Ing. šel-de id.), *pšē-li-(n) "cold (adj.)" (Bacb. pšelĩ, Chech. šīla, Ing. šīla).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɔč̣V A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold

Tsezi: =oč̣ju

Ginukh: =oč̣č̣u

Bezhta: äč̣ijo

Gunzib: =ɔč̣č̣u

Comments: PTsKh *-oč̣-, PGB *-ɔč̣-. There exists also a noun PTs *rɔč̣V 'cold' ( > Tsez. roč̣i, Gin. roč̣i, Bezht. jač̣o, Gunz. rɔč̣u), which may be treated as a derivate.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ruč̣(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hoar-frost, dew

Tabasaran: ruč̣

Agul: ruč̣

Comment: Obl. stem unclear.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *č̣́ʷǝ (/*č́ʷǝ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold

Adyghe: čǝʡa

Kabardian: ṣ́ǝʡa

Ubykh: č́ǝ

Comments: PAK *č̣ǝ-ʡá (in Ad. a secondary dissimilative deglottalisation). It is harder to account for deglottalisation in Ub.; in any case, the PAK and Ub. forms are obviously related. Cf. also Ub. impers. a-č́ǝ́ 'it is cold'. Despite Shagirov (2, 154) PAK *č̣́ǝ 'winter' .and. *ṗǝč̣́a- 'to freeze' should be strictly kept apart from this root (they have a different root consonant); PAT *c̣ǝʕa / *c̣ǝħa 'ice' also should be separated (the PAT *c̣ : PAK *č̣ correspondence does not exist).

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hoc

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold (n., adj.)

Bizkaian: otz

Gipuzkoan: otz

High Navarrese: otz

Low Navarrese: hotz

Salazarese: otz

Lapurdian: hotz

Baztanese: otz

Aezkoan: otz

Zuberoan: hotz

Roncalese: otz

Comments: As a verb: *hos-tu > hoztu, oztu.

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