Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔop-( ~ x-, -b)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to drink

Ket: d-a-b-ɔp, North. da-v-ɔp 'I drink it', d-ɔb-al-ɔp 'I drank it' (Werner 2, 44)

Yug: d-úr-op 'Ich betrinke mich' (Werner 2, 44)

Kottish: ōpaŋ 'to drink', praet. olāpaŋ, imp. alčep; šigap 'drinking'; Ass. (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) ulabuŋái, (Кл.) ulapuŋai 'drink'

Comments: Werner 2, 44 *op. This reconstruction should be preferred to *ʔVbV in ССЕ 202, see notes to *ʔa; see also *dop 'drink, eat'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *χwǝ̆mṗV́̆

Meaning: to swallow

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *χwɨm(V)ṗV

Sino-Tibetan: *χăp

Yenisseian: *ʔop- ( ~ x-, -b)

Burushaski: *hūp

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *χwɨm(V)ṗV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gulp, mouthful

Proto-Lak: χ:uṗ

Proto-Lezghian: *χumṗ(a)

Proto-Khinalug: χob

Proto-West Caucasian: *χʷǝm(ǝ)ṗa

Notes: An expressive root; however, chance correspondence between Adygh and EC is hardly possible.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: χ:uṗ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gulp, mouthful

Lak form: χ:uṗ

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *χumṗ(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gulp, mouthful

Lezghian: χuṗ

Tabasaran: χumṗ

Rutul: χuṗ (Khniukh.)

Comment: 3d class in Rutul.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *χʷǝm(ǝ)ṗa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 gulp, mouthful 2 to gulp, lap up

Adyghe: ja-χʷǝmṗa-ʁʷ 1

Kabardian: χʷǝpǝ-n 2

Comments: PAK *χʷǝ(m)ṗV- (with irregular deglottalisation in Kab.).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *χăp

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bite, take into mouth

Chinese: 嗋 *xap shut (e. g. mouth).

Tibetan: hab a mouthful.

Burmese: hap to bite, snap.

Lushai: hap bite, snap.

Comments: Ben. 32.

Chinese characters :

Character: 嗋

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiē

Preclassic Old Chinese: hap

Classic Old Chinese: hap

Western Han Chinese: hap

Eastern Han Chinese: hap

Early Postclassic Chinese: hap

Middle Postclassic Chinese: hǝp

Late Postclassic Chinese: hǝp

Middle Chinese: xǝp

English meaning : shut (e. g. mouth)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0639 f

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *hūp

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: to swallow

Hunza: huúp -́t-

Nagar: huúp -́t-

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVPV

Meaning : to swallow

Eurasiatic : *HVṗV

Afroasiatic : *ʕab- to drink

Sino-Caucasian : *χwǝ̆mṗV́̆

Austric : PAA *hu:p 'eat', MY *hop; PAN *SiRup 'sip, suck'

Amerind (misc.) : *pa 'eat' (R 211) [+ A K]; *hobi 'water; rain; drink' (R 837)

Notes : Cf. *ṗVHV.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HVṗV

Meaning: drink, water

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ap- <PIH *H->

Altaic: *ṓp`à

Dravidian: *op-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'ъpaɣʷъ-

Comments: Cf. FU *iptV (*üpte) 'high water' (or to PA *ūjbV 'foam')

References: ND 1876 *qapV 'to stream, flow' (IE + Eg.). [Cf. also 2506 *woṗV 'to pour, strew': IIr. *vap-, Sam. *wɔptɔ- + Berb., Eg.?].

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *ap- <PIH *H->

Meaning: river, stream (+ bank, shore)

Hittite: hap(a)- 'Fluß', Pal. hapnas, Luw. hapinni- (Tischler 159-160)

Tokharian: A, B āp 'water, river' (Adams 44)

Old Indian: ap- f. (pl. ā́paḥ, gen. apā́m) `water'; nīpa- `situated low, deep', anūpá- `situated near the water, watery', dvīpá- m.n. `island, peninsula, sandbank', antarīpa- n. `island'

Avestan: afš, acc. āpǝm, instr. apā(-ča) 'Wasser'

Old Greek: ǟ́pei̯ro-s, aeol. ā́perro-s f. `Festland (im Gegensatz zu dem Meer und den Inseln), Küste'

Baltic: *ap-iā̃ f., *up-iā̃ f. -ia- c., *ūp-iā̃ f.

Germanic: *ōfVr=

Latin: amnis, -is m./f. `Fluss, Srtrom, (dicht.) Strömung, Wasser'

Russ. meaning: река, проточная вода (+ берег)

References: WP I 46 f, Buck 30.

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *ap-iā̃ f., *up-iā̃ f. -ia- c., *ūp-iā̃ f.

Meaning: river

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: ùpē, dial. ū̃pē, žem. upì-s, ùpis, gen. -piō `Strom, Fluss'

Lettish: upe `Fluss, Bach'

Old Prussian: ape `Bach, kleiner Fluss' V. 62, { apus 'Quell, Braunen' }; ? wupyan 'Wolke'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *ōfVr=

Meaning: bank, shore

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old English: ōfer (ōfor), -es m. `edge, border, margis; the land bordering on water, river-bank, sea-shore, over'

Old Frisian: ōver, ōvera m. `oever'

Old Saxon: ōfer

Middle Dutch: oever m., n., f.

Dutch: oever m.

Middle Low German: ōver m., n. `oever, buitendijks land'

Middle High German: uover, md. ūber st. n. 'ufer'

German: Ufer n.

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 97

Root: ā̆p-2

English meaning: water, river

German meaning: `Wasser, Fluß'

Material: Ai. ā̆p- f. `Wasser', z. B. Pl. Norn. ā́paḥ, Akk. apáḥ, Gen. apā́m, av. Nom. Sg. āfš, Akk. Sg. āpǝm, Instr. Sg. apā(-ca), ai. ā́pavant- `wässerig', in alter Kontraktionder Red.-St. mit auf -i, -u ausl. Präfixen (Kretschmer KZ. 31, 385, Johansson IF. 4, 137 f.) pratīpá- `gegen den Strom gerichtet', nīpá- `tiefliegend', anūpá- `am Wasser gelegen', dvīpá- `Insel, Sandbank im Flusse', antarīpa- `Insel'; dieselbe Kontraktion mit einem auf -o endigenden 1. Glied in den gr. Flußnamen ᾽᾽῝᾽Iνωπός, ᾽Ασωπός ( : ἰνόω, ἄσις; Fick BB. 22, 61, 62); gr. `Ᾱπία `Peloponnes', Μεσσ-απία ds., die lokr. Μεσσ-άπιοι, die ill. Μεσσά̄πιοι (anders Krahe ZONF. 13, 20 f.) und Āpuli Unteritaliens, die Flußnamen ᾽Απιδών (Arkadien), ᾽Απιδανός (Thessalien), thrak. ῎Απος (Dacien), ill. ῎Αψος, Apsus, apul. ON Sal-apia (`Salzwasser'); hierher als Spuren ven.-ill. Einwanderung im Westen ein Teilder westd. apa-Namen, wie die Erft (*Arnapia), und alle FlN mit -up-, wie nhd. Uppia-Bach (Tirol), frz. Sinope (Manche), brit. Hafen Rutupiae, sizil. Κακύπαρις (vgl. lit. Kakupis), vgl. die thrak. FlN ῝Υπιος, ῝Υπανις; apr. ape `Fluß', apus `Quell, Brunnen', lit. ùpė, lett. upe `Wasser' (u ist vielleicht Red.-St. von idg. o, a, Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 11; oder gehört up- eher zu aksl. vapa `See'?). Hierher Ach- (*aps-) in cymr. FlN, gall. Axona?

    Daneben kelt.-lat. ab-, s. u. ab-.

    Zur Erklärung der b-Form geht Johansson IF. 4. 137 f. von dem durch ᾽Απιδών, ᾽Απιδανός sowie durch ai. ábda-ḥ m. `Wolke' und den mit āpaḥ paradigmatisch zusammengeschweißten Instr. Dat. Pl. ai. adbhiḥ, adbhyaḥ, vorausgesetzten St. *ap(ǝ)d- (vielleicht `Wasser gebend', mit zu dō- `geben' gehörigem 2. Gliede) aus: *abdō(n), Gen. *abdnés, woraus *abnés; aus den obl. Kasus entsprang lat.amnis, während im keltischen *abdō(n) : *abnés zu *abā (mir. ab), *abonā (daher mir.abann) ausgeglichen wurde.

References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, 846, Krahe Gl. 20, 188 ff., Pokorny Urillyrier 110 ff., 130 f., Krahe Würzburg. Jahrb. 1, 86 ff.

Pages: 51-52

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ṓp`à

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to drink, inhale

Russian meaning: пить

Turkic: *ōp-

Mongolian: *uw(u)-

Japanese: *apa-ik-

Comments: EAS 78, Владимирцов 211. An expressive root. Cf. also Turk. *öp- 'to kiss' (ЭСТЯ 1, 539); Mong. *aɣa-ki-la- (L 25 akila-, Khalkha āxila-) 'to gasp for breath, pant'; Evn. ābu- 'to kiss' (ТМС 1, 6).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ōp-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to suck, swallow

Russian meaning: сосать, глотать

Old Turkic: op- (Orkh.)

Karakhanid: op- (MK)

Tatar: up-

Oyrat: op-

Yakut: uop-

Dolgan: uobu 'Bissen, Happen'

Kazakh: op-

Noghai: op-

Bashkir: up-

Karaim: op-

Comments: EDT 4, VEWT 363, ЭСТЯ 1, 464-465, 269-273, Stachowski 243.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *uw(u)-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to drink

Russian meaning: пить

Written Mongolian: u-, uu- (L 864: uu-, aɣu-, uuɣu-)

Middle Mongolian: u- (IM, MA), ū-, u'u- (SH), au- (LH)

Khalkha: ū-

Buriat: ū-

Kalmuck: ū-

Ordos: ū- 'to drink, to smoke'

Dongxian: o-

Baoan: ū-, ō-, u-

Dagur: ō- (Тод. Даг. 159, MD 201)

Shary-Yoghur: ū-

Monguor: ụ̄- (SM 462), u-, ōći- 'boire, prendre (repas du midi)' (SM 299)

Comments: KW 454, MGCD 664, 665.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *apa-ik-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to breathe heavily, gasp, pant

Russian meaning: тяжело дышать, задыхаться

Old Japanese: apek-

Middle Japanese: áfék-

Tokyo: aég-

Kyoto: áég-

Kagoshima: àèg-

Comments: JLTT 674. A compound with *-ik- 'breathe'. Accent is difficult to reconstruct: RJ has high tone, but modern dialects point rather to low.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *op-

Meaning : to wet

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-North Dravidian : *op-

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *op-

Meaning : to wet; soft

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : opnā (refl.pass. oprnā) "to wet, soak (with a view to softening and preparing for work)"

Malto : oprare "to become soft (as earth by water)"

Number in DED : 981

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'ъpaɣʷ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): пить, глотать

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ъp(ʁ)ab-

Proto-Itelmen: *p(')aw-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *'ъp(ʁ)ab-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): пить 1, пить бульон, есть суп 2, хотеть пить 3, пить, припав ртом к реке 4

Chukchee: ǝpáw-, páw- 1, ǝp(ʔ)ǝ́ ikwucí- 4

Koryak: pha-kkǝ 3

Alutor: ǝpav- 1, 2

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *p(')aw-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): глотать, пить

West Itelmen: рav-kaz

West Itelmen meaning: haurire, bibere

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): chɫonąć, ɫykać, pić

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕab-

Meaning: drink

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʕVb- 'gulp, swallow in one draught'

Central Chadic: *ʔab- 'take mouthful of liquid'

East Chadic: *wa-Hib- 'drink, suck'

Saho-Afar: *ʕab-/ʕub- 'drink'

Low East Cushitic: *ʕabb- 'drink'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 847

Proto-Semitic: *ʕVb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'gulp, swallow in one draught'

Arabic: ʕbb [-u-]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *[ʕ]ab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'take mouthful of liquid' 1, 'drink' 2

Glavda: xǝb- 2 [Rp]

Guduf: x(ǝ̃)ḅúwà 2 [CLR:111]

Gude: aḅu [Hs[

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *wa-Hib-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'drink, suck'

Jegu: waibo [??]

Notes: Dubious

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *ʕab-/ʕub-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'drink'

Saho: -ō`ob-

Afar (Danakil): -aʕab-, -aʕub-

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ʕabb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: ' drink'

Somali: ʕabb-

Oromo (Galla): obaasa (-)

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ɣup (*XVɣup)

Meaning: to eat, sit

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *hu:p / *ha:p

Austroasiatic meaning: to eat

Miao-Yao parallels: *hop

Proto-Austronesian: *SiRup

Austronesian meaning: sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl

Proto-Thai: hup to bite (of fish) CHE

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *hu:p / *ha:p

Meaning: to eat

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: hup to bite (of fish) CHE

Proto-Katuic: *hu:p

Khmer: hu:p < OK hwap

Proto-Pearic: *hɔ:p V?

Proto-Monic: *ha:p

Proto-Palaungic: PAL hap

References: S-402

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *hu:p

Meaning: sip, suck

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: BRU hu:p.N

Proto-East Katuic: *hu:p

References: TK16.153a

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic:

Meaning: suck

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru: hu:p.N

Bru meaning: to suck

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *hu:p

Meaning: sip (hot liquid from a cup or spoon)

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Kri: hu:p

Chatong: hu:p

Triw: sru:p E?

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: hu:p

Meaning: to swallow, eat

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: hwap

Old Khmer Meaning: to eat, swallow

References: P552, JP398

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic: *hɔ:p

Meaning: eat

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Chong: hɔ:p.A

Chong meaning: eat

Kasong: hɔ:p.A

Kasong meaning: eat

Samre: huǝp.B

Samre meaning: eat

References: H-446: *h(ɔ:)p

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: to suck in

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: húp

Vietnamese meaning: to suck in

Muong dialect: ʔop.5

Arem: ʒU:p

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *ha:p

Meaning: eat, esp. with the fingers

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: ha:p

Old Mon: ha:p

Middle Mon: ha:p

Nyakur: ca:ʔ.L ha:p.L

Nyakur meaning: to eat

References: V175; S-402

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