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Uralic etymology :

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Number: 1757
Proto: *ćukk3(-lV)
> Nostratic: > Nostratic
English meaning: to kiss
German meaning: küssen
Saam (Lapp): (čohke- (K Kld.) 'stechen, niederstechen (z. B. ein Rentier)', čuoikkē- 'stechen')
Mansi (Vogul): śoχǝl- (KU) 'küssen'
Hungarian: csókol- (dial. csolkol-, csolkul-) 'küssen', csók 'Kuß'
Addenda: (Kar. čokkoa- 'stechen; stecken'; Lüd. t́š́okai- 'stechen, stecken'; Veps. t́š́oka̮i- 'id.; stoßen')
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-saa,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,uralet-add,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *CoḳV
Meaning: to pierce
Borean: Borean
Altaic: *č`ṑk`a ( ~ -u) 'to peck'
Uralic: ? *ćukkV(-lV) 'küssen'
Kartvelian: Georg. čačeḳ- zerstechen, zerlöchern, čeḳ- 'Feuerhaken, Schabeisen, Scharre' [cf. also *ciḳ-]
Dravidian: *ǯak- (?)
Comments: Cf. *CiKV
References: МССНЯ 344; ND 384 *ča/oḳV 'to prick, gouge' (Alt.-Kartv.-Drav.+ Arab.)
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *č`ṑk`a
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: to peck, gouge
Russian meaning: клевать, долбить
Turkic: *čok-
Mongolian: *čoki-
Tungus-Manchu: *čōk(i)-
Korean: *čhắ-
Comments: EAS 64, KW 429, Дыбо 13, Doerfer MT 68. Martin 239 compares OJ tuk- which can belong here, too, but is an obvious merger of several roots.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-reference,

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *čok-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: 1 to peck 2 to delve, dig 3 to pick at 4 to stab 5 to pick (eyes) 6 pitfall, delve
Russian meaning: 1 клевать 2 долбить, копать 3 ковырять 4 закалывать 5 выкалывать (глаза) 6 рытвина, углубление
Old Turkic: čoq- 4 (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: čoq- 'to rush at the prey (of a bird)' (MK)
Turkish: čoku- 1, čukur 6
Tatar: čuqɨ- 1, čoqɨ- 2
Middle Turkic: čo/uqu- (Sangl., Pav. C. (5)); čuqur 6 (Sangl.; starting with Old Kypch.); čux-la- 3 (MA 137)
Uzbek: čụqi- 1, čuqu-la- 2, 3, čuqur 6
Uighur: čoqu- 1
Azerbaidzhan: čuxur 6
Turkmen: čoq- 1, čuqanaq, čuxur 6
Khakassian: sox-la- 1
Oyrat: čoqu- 1, 3
Kirghiz: čoqu- 1, čuqu- 3
Kazakh: šoqɨ- 1, šuqɨ- 1, 3
Noghai: šoqɨ- 1, šuqɨ- 2, 3
Bashkir: suqɨ- 1, soqo- 2, 3
Gagauz: čuqur 6
Karaim: čoq- 'to sting', čoɣɨ- 1 (K), č/сuqu/ɨr 6
Karakalpak: šoqɨ- 1, šuqɨ- 2, 3
Kumyk: čoqu- 1
Comments: VEWT 114, 119, EDT 406. Kypchak languages suggest a distinction between *čokɨ- 'to peck' and *čukɨ- 'to dig, delve', absent elsewhere, and possibly a result of interdialectal loans.
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,

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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *čoki-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: to strike, punish
Russian meaning: бить, наказывать
Written Mongolian: čoki- (L 196)
Middle Mongolian: čoqoli'ul- 'to overthrow' (SH)
Khalkha: coxi-; coxi-lo- 'клевать'
Buriat: soxi-
Kalmuck: cok-
Ordos: ǯoki-
Dagur: čoki-
Monguor: čugu- 'клевать' (SM 440)
Mogol: ZM čɔ̄qor 'axe' (22-4a)
Comments: KW 429.
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-mgr,monget-mogh,monget-reference,

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Tungus etymology :

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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *čōk(i)-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: 1 to gauge 2 to stick into 3 to peck 4 to dig, delve
Russian meaning: 1 выдалбливать, вырезать 2 втыкать 3 клевать 4 копать, ковырять
Evenki: čōk- 4
Even: čuq- 4
Negidal: čok- 1
Literary Manchu: čoki- 2
Ulcha: čoqị- 3
Nanai: čoqị- 3
Udighe: cugu 'adze' (Корм. 311)
Comments: See ТМС 2, 403. Secondary vowel shortening in Nan.
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-nan,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,

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Korean etymology :

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Proto-Korean: *čhắ-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: to kick
Russian meaning: бить, пинать
Modern Korean: čha-
Middle Korean: čhắ-
Comments: Nam 447, KED 1562.
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *ǯak- (?)
Meaning : to pierce
Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Proto-North Dravidian : *caX-
Brahui : jaxx-ing
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-ndr,dravet-bra,

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North Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-North-Dravidian : *caX-
Meaning : to pierce, sting
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Kurukh : cakkhnā (cakkhyas/cakkos, refl. cakkhrnā) "to pierce with a prick, prick, penetrate into, puncture, cause a prickly sensation, experience a prickly sensation; refl. to be tattooed, etc."
Malto : caqe "to sting, pierce, stab; also applied to the sowing of certain grains for which holes are made in the earth"
Notes : Праформа - либо *caq-y-, либо *caG-.
Additional forms : Also MLT caqro worm-eaten roots; caqtre to have the ears bored; caqu shooting pains in the stomach.
Number in DED : 2278
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-notes,ndret-addition,ndret-dednum,

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Brahui etymology :

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Brahui : jaxx-ing
Meaning : to run into, pierce
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Number in DED : 2278
braet-meaning,braet-prnum,braet-dednum,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : CVKV
Meaning : to pierce
Eurasiatic : *CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV)
Afroasiatic : ??? Ar. ɵqb- 'percer, forer'; cf. also Berb. *-skir, Cush. *cVḳ- 'fingernail, claw'
Sino-Caucasian : *č̣wǝ̆ḳwV
Austric : *CVk
Amerind (misc.) : *cikʷ 'cut' (R 157) [+ A]
African (misc.) : Bantu *-còk- 'poke in'.
Reference : МССНЯ 344, (ND 384 Nostr.+Ar.); GE 71 *ṭiḳ (?). One of several similar roots; cf. Peiros 1989, 127.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-afr,globet-reference,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *č̣wǝ̆ḳwV
Meaning: knife, axe, to drill holes
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
North Caucasian: *č̣_wɨḳwV
Sino-Tibetan: *ʒ́hV̄kʷ
Yenisseian: *čok
Burushaski: *ćak
Comments and references : HGC 32, NSC 53 *č̣wVḳ(w)V, DCE 25. PY points to lax phonation, contradicting NC tenseness (which is itself, however, not quite certain, being based on a somewhat questionable equation of PC *ṭʷiq and PL *č̣uḳa).
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *č̣_wɨḳwV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: knife
Proto-Tsezian: *ṭʷiq A
Proto-Lezghian: *č̣uḳa ( ~ -o-; /-k-)
Notes: A Tsez-Lezg. isogloss; one of the cases demonstrating the development *č̣w- > *ṭʷ- in PTs.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-cez,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,

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Tsezian etymology :

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Proto-Tsezian: *ṭʷiq A
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: knife
Tsezi: ṭaIq
Ginukh: ṭoq
Khvarshi: ṭiq
Inkhokvari: ṭuqI
Comments: PTsKh *ṭʷiIq.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-comment,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *č̣uḳa ( ~ -o-; /-k-)
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: knife
Lezghian: čuḳul
Tsakhur: č̣ɨka
Kryz: č̣uḳul (Khaidakov)
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. čḳɨl 'small knife'. The Lezg. and Kryz. form have a frequent *-l-suffix. 4th class in Tsakh.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-comment,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʒ́hV̄kʷ
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: chisel; axe, hoe
Chinese: *ʒ́hākʷ to bore, chisel out.
Lushai: čēk (čeʔ) chop or hack with axe; to hoe.
Comments: Cf. also Lush. ha-čhek a small axe. See also *chīkʷ.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,

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Chinese characters :

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Character:
Modern (Beijing) reading: záo
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́hākʷ
Classic Old Chinese: ʒhāuk
Western Han Chinese: ʒhāuk
Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhāuk
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhāuk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒhāk
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒhāk
Middle Chinese: ʒâk
English meaning : to bore, chisel out
Russian meaning[s]: 1) бурав; долото; сверло; зубило; 2) долбить; сверлить; вырыть (колодец); 3) паз, отверстие; гнездо; 4) достоверный; настоящий, реальный; [zuò] обдирать рис
Comments: For *ʒ́h cf. Xiamen chak8, chɔk8, Fuzhou chök8, Dongshan chak8. Also used for *ćākʷ, MC câk, Mand. zuò 'to be shining, brilliant'.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology
Dialectal data: Dialectal data
Radical: 167
Four-angle index: 376
Karlgren code: 1128 a
Vietnamese reading: tạc
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,

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Chinese Dialects :

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Number: 2586
Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology
Character:
MC description : 宕開一入鐸從
ZIHUI: 7020 0269
Beijing: cau 12; cuo 12
Jinan: cuǝ 12
Xi'an: cuo 12
Taiyuan: caʔ 42
Hankou: co 12
Chengdu: cho 12
Yangzhou: câʔ 4
Suzhou: zoʔ 42
Wenzhou: zö 42
Changsha: cho 4
Shuangfeng: ʒû 31
Nanchang: chɔk 41
Meixian: chɔk 42
Guangzhou: čɔk 42
Xiamen: cɔk 42 (lit.); cak 42
Chaozhou: cɔʔ 42
Fuzhou: couʔ 42
Shanghai: zoʔ 42
Zhongyuan yinyun: co 41
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

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Yenisseian etymology :

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Proto-Yenisseian: *čok
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: axe
Ket: tōk, pl. tɔ:ɣǝ4 (South. tɔɣ4) 'axe'; tɔgul6, pl. tɔɣuĺǝŋ5 'axe-handle'
Yug: čok, pl. čɔ:hk 'axe'; čɔguĺ5, pl. čɔguĺǝŋ5 'axe-handle'
Comments: ССЕ 218. For the second part of the Ket and Yug compound see *ʔuĺ- 'handle'. Cf. also Ket tɔɣa5 tīś / tъuk-tiś1 / tъ̄k-tiś1, Yug čɔga5 čis 'whetstone' (lit. "axe-stone"). Werner 2, 283 <*t'okǝ > *t'ogǝ>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,

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Burushaski etymology :

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Common Burushaski: *ćak
Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology
Meaning: pick-axe
Hunza: ćak
Nagar: ćak
Comments: Sh. ćak.
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,buruet-notes,

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Austric etymology :

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Proto-Austric: *CVk
Meaning: cut, break
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Proto-Austroasiatic: *ca:k; also *ciek divide
Austroasiatic meaning: cut
Munda parallels: Kar cac'aʔ; M cagar tear
Proto-Austronesian: pesak, peceq; also *biseqak, *bisak 'split', *bacuk 'hoe, chop up (soil)'
Austronesian meaning: break into pieces, hatch
Proto-Thai: cak to split; also cɛ:k
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-mun,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-tai,

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Austro-Asiatic etymology :

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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ciek
Meaning: divide
Austric etymology: Austric etymology
Thai: cɛ:k
Khmer: ce:k < OC cek
Proto-Palaungic: *siak
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kmr,aaet-pawa,

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Khmer etymology :

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Khmer: ce:k
Meaning: to devide, share
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Old Khmer: cek
Old Khmer Meaning: to divide, deal out
References: P167, JP64
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,

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Viet-Muong etymology :

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Proto-Viet-Muong:
Meaning: to separate
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Vietnamese: tách
Vietnamese meaning: to separate
Muong dialect: cɛk.3
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-vietme,vimet-anng,

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Palaung-Wa etymology :

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Proto-Palaung-Wa: *siak
Meaning: chop
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Proto-De'ang: *siɔk
Riang: siɛk.1
Riang meaning: to chop
pawaet-meaning,pawaet-prnum,pawaet-prde,pawaet-riang,pawaet-rimeam,

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De'ang etymology :

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Proto-De'ang: *siɔk
Meaning: to cut
Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology
De'ang-1: siâuʔ
De'ang-2: sɔk.1
References: WW-520
prdeet-meaning,prdeet-prnum,prdeet-dea1,prdeet-dea3,prdeet-bibl,

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