Uralic etymology :

Number: 249

Proto: *karwa

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: bitter, sharp; to be bitter

German meaning: bitter, scharf; bitter sein, brennen, prickeln

Finnish: karvas (gen. karvaan) 'bitter, schmerzlich, scharf' ( > Saam. L kārvēs 'bitter, herb im Geschmack')

Udmurt (Votyak): kuri̮t (S) 'scharf, beißend; bitter', (G) kurị̑t 'bitter, scharf schmeckend'

Komi (Zyrian): kuri̮d (S), kuri̮t, kurø^.t (P) 'bitter; bitterer Geschmack'

Khanty (Ostyak): korǝɣ- (V Vj.) 'brennen, prickeln, schmerzen, weh tun'

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kawrV

Meaning: to rot, coagulate

Indo-European: *gewǝr-; *greut- 'curds' (Celt., Germ.)

Altaic: *kàbro

Uralic: *karwa

Kartvelian: Svan. kwer- / kwr- 'rot'

Dravidian: PGnd *korup 'buttermilk', Tulu koyapu id., nir-kuyelъ 'curdle' (DEDR 2162)

References: ND 932 *kUr(u)wa (~ *kar(u)wa) 'to fade, rot, decay, coagulate' ( + Arab. karīz-, Berb. *krw-, WChad. Jmb.). Cf. *ḳVrV.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *gewǝr-

Meaning: whey, ferment

Slavic: *žūrъ `сыворотка, кислое тесто, овсяный кисель и т. д.'

Germanic: *kiur-a- vb.; *kūr=; *kaur-i- adj.

Russ. meaning: сыворотка, (сырная) закваска

References: WP I 555 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *kiuran-; *kūr=; *kauri-

Meaning: whey

IE etymology: IE etymology

Norwegian: köyr `Käsemasse von säuerlicher Milch', kjöre `Käse im ersten Zustand'; kur `Käse im ersten Zustand, geronnene Milch'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kàbro

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of ferment

Russian meaning: вид закваски

Turkic: *Kor

Mongolian: *kowr

Tungus-Manchu: *kabu-kta

Korean: *kòr-

Japanese: *kàrà-

Comments: Cf. also MKor. kóróm 'pus', probably preserving the original accentuation.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kor

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 ferment; yeast 2 bitter, astringent

Russian meaning: 1 закваска; дрожжи 2 горький, едкий

Karakhanid: qor 1 (MK, IM)

Tatar: qur 1 (dial.)

Uzbek: qɔr 1 (dial.)

Turkmen: Gor 1

Yakut: kuras 2

Kirghiz: qor 1

Kazakh: qor 1

Bashkir: qur 1

Karakalpak: qor 1

Comments: EDT 642, ЭСТЯ 6, 72.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kowr

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: poison, harm

Russian meaning: яд, вред

Written Mongolian: qour, qoura (L 973)

Middle Mongolian: qor 'Schaden' (HYt), qūr 'убыток' (IM), qură (MA)

Khalkha: xor

Buriat: xoro(n)

Kalmuck: xorṇ

Ordos: xor

Dagur: xor, kor (Тод. Даг. 177), hore, huore (MD 164, 167)

Shary-Yoghur: χoro

Monguor: xurō, xor

Comments: KW 188, MGCD 365. Cf. also WMong. qorqaɣ, qurɣaɣ 'pus (in wound)', Kalm. xorxǝɣ. Mong. > Oyr. qoron, Man. qoro, xoron etc. (Doerfer MT 81, Rozycki 109, 144). The forms meaning 'damage' may actually reflect a merger with a Turkic loanword *Kor 'loss, harm', on which see under PA *k`oru.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kabu-kta

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 salmon fat 2 salmon stomach

Russian meaning: 1 жир (калуги, осетра) 2 желудок (калуги)

Ulcha: qaụqta 1

Nanai: qaụqta 2

Comments: ТМС 1, 385.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kòr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: wine fungus, mould, scum

Russian meaning: винный грибок, плесень, накипь

Modern Korean: kolmaǯi

Middle Korean: kòr-'àčí

Comments: Nam 51, KED 158.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kàrà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: bitter

Russian meaning: горький

Old Japanese: kara-

Middle Japanese: kàrà-

Tokyo: kará-

Kyoto: kárà-

Kagoshima: kará-

Comments: JLTT 830. Cf. also *kàrásì 'vinegar; mustard'.

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