Sino-Tibetan etymology : List with all references

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *khē̆-t ( ~ gh-, qh-, Gh-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: divide, separate

Chinese: 契 *khēt separated, 鍥 *khēt cut, cut through; 歧 *g_(r)e bifurcating.

Tibetan: ãgjed (p. bgjes, f. bkje) to divide, ãgje (p. gjes) to be divided, to separate.

Comments: Coblin 65-66.

Chinese characters :

Character: 契

Modern (Beijing) reading: qì

Preclassic Old Chinese: khēts

Classic Old Chinese: khēć

Western Han Chinese: khjāś

Eastern Han Chinese: khiāś

Early Postclassic Chinese: khiēś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khiḕj

Late Postclassic Chinese: khiḕj

Middle Chinese: khìej

English meaning : to carve, inscribe, perforate

Russian meaning[s]: 1) условие, контракт, купчая крепость; заключать (контракт); 2) симпатия, дружба; дружить; приемный, усыновленный; побратимство; 3) Ци (фамилия); [qiè] разлука, расставание (друзей); [xiè] в именах людей

Comments: A later meaning is 'carving, notch; > side, angle'. Used also for a homonymous *khēts 'to be distressed'; also read *khēt, MC khiet (FQ 苦結), Pek. qiè, Viet. khiết 'be separated'. Viet. khía is colloquial; standard Sino-Viet. is khế.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 37

Four-angle index: 4928

Karlgren code: 0279 b

Go-on: ke

Kan-on: kei

Japanese reading: kei;chigiru

Vietnamese reading: khía

Shijing occurrences: 31.4

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Chinese Dialects :

Number: 704

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 契

MC description : 蟹開四去霽溪

ZIHUI: 1148 0681

Beijing: ćhi 3

Jinan: ćhi 3

Xi'an: ćhi 3

Taiyuan: ćhi 3

Hankou: ćhi 3

Chengdu: ćhi 3

Yangzhou: ćhi 3

Suzhou: ćhi 31

Wenzhou: chi_ 31

Changsha: ćhi 31

Shuangfeng: ćhi 31

Nanchang: ćhi 31

Meixian: khɛ 3

Guangzhou: khai 31

Xiamen: khe 31 (lit.); khue 31

Chaozhou: khoi 31

Fuzhou: khie 31

Shanghai: ćhiôʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: khi 3

doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=HV̄́mq̇V

Meaning: to divide

North Caucasian: *=Hīmq̇_V

Sino-Tibetan: *khē̆- ( ~ gh-, qh-, Gh-)

Yenisseian: *dɔ(ʔ)q ( ~ -ɔ̄-)

Comments and references : In ST cf. alternatively *Kʷaj `to separate'. [Cf. Ur. *jaka- 'divide']

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=Hīmq̇_V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to divide

Proto-Nakh: *=ēq̇-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iq̇:(Vn)-

Proto-Dargwa: *b-aIHVnV

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiq̇:Ia-

Proto-West Caucasian: *nǝq:ʷa ( ~ -q̇ʷ-)

Notes: A common NC root; WC languages have preserved only an old derivate *nǝq:ʷa ( < *mǝq:a), corresponding to PA *b=iq̇:in(V) 'half', PD *b-aIHVnV id.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=ēq̇-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to divide

Chechen: =ēq̇-

Ingush: =eq̇-

Batsbi: =eq̇-

Comments: Although in Chech. and Ing. the stem =ēq̇- is both terminative and durative, the Bacbi data show that originally it was only terminative: Bacbi has term. =eq̇- opposed to dur. ʔaq̇- 'to divide' ( < PN *ʔāq̇-).

A common Nakh derivate is *d-āq̇a 'part, piece' > Chech. dāq̇a, Ing. daq̇a, Bacb. daq̇ / dāq̇.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iq̇:(Vn)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to divide

Akhvakh: =iq̇:-

Chamalal: =iq̇:-

Tindi: =iq̇:ĩ-

Karata: =eq̇:-

Godoberi: =eq̇:ĩh-

Comments: Besides Tind. and God., nasal conjugation is attested also in Kar. Anch. =ĩq̇:- (n-iq̇:-). There are two derivates from this root: PA *=iq̇:in(V) 'half' ( > Akhv. meq̇:e-da, miq̇:e-s:i, Cham. Gig. beq̇:ina, Tind. beq̇:ana-s:a, Kar. req̇:en-ʎer, req̇:ema, Anch. niq̇:o) and *r=iq̇:irV 'part', reflected in Akhv. req̇:er, Ratl. riq̇:eri ( = PN *d=āq̇a).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *b-aIHVnV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: half

Chiragh: baIʕne

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiq̇:Ia-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to divide

Budukh: e=q̇-

Archi: q̇Ia-

Comment: It is hard to separate the Bud. and Arch. forms, although the correspondence is not quite regular: the Archi morphonology shows that Archi has a tense q̇:I (cf. e. g. 3d cl. ba-q̇:Ia-s), going back to PL *q̇:I - which should be reflected in Bud. as -q-. Therefore either there is a misspelling in the Archi recordings, or there occurred an irregular development in Budukh.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *nǝq:ʷa ( ~ -q̇ʷ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: half

Adyghe: nǝq:ʷa

Kabardian: nǝq:ʷa

Comments: PAK *nǝq:ʷá. The inner morphological analysis proposed by Shagirov (1, 286: nǝ- = -na in *š́a-ná 'one third', *ṗƛ̣a-ná 'one fourth' etc., -q:ʷa - component meaning "not quite, a little") is very dubious.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *dɔq

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to divide

Ket: dōʁat (Кастр.), dɔ́ʁɔt (Werner 1, 201) "part"

Kottish: tax, tak "dividing"; taxthākŋ, takthākŋ "to divide"

Comments: ССЕ 224. Werner 1, 201 (without reconstruction). *d- may be an old prefix: without it cf. Ket qɔ 'part, deal' (Werner 2, 92).