Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ćh(r)iǝ̆H ( ~ ʒ́h-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of fruit

Chinese: 柿 *ʒ́hrǝʔ Diospyros, persimmon.

Burmese: ćhih the jujube, Zizyphus jujuba.

Chinese characters :

Character: 柿

Modern (Beijing) reading: shì

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́hrǝʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ʒhrǝ́

Western Han Chinese: ʒ̣hǝ́

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ̣hǝ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣hɨ́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣hɨ́

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣hɨ́

Middle Chinese: ʒ̣ɨ́

English meaning : Diospyros, persimmon

Russian meaning[s]: бот. хурма (Diospyros)

Comments: Ming dialects point to aspiration, but have a quite unexpected velar reflex (Xiamen khi6, Fuzhou khe6, Jianou khi6).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 3922

Karlgren code: 0554 h-i

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 765

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 柿

MC description : 止開三上止崇

ZIHUI: 2636 0514

Beijing: ṣî_ 3

Jinan: ṣî_ 3

Xi'an: si_ 3

Taiyuan: si_ 3

Hankou: si_ 3

Chengdu: si_ 3

Yangzhou: si_ 3

Suzhou: zi_ 32

Wenzhou: zi_ 22

Changsha: ṣî_ 32

Shuangfeng: ʒi_ 32

Nanchang: si_ 32

Meixian: si_ 3

Guangzhou: čhi 22

Xiamen: khi 32

Chaozhou: sai 22

Fuzhou: khei 32

Shanghai: zi_ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: ši_ 3

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʕämćṓ

Meaning: a k. of fruit

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʕämćō

Sino-Tibetan: *ćh(r)iǝ̆H ( ~ ʒ́h-)

Burushaski: *mićíl / *bićíl

Basque: *mahać

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʕämćō

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: apple; medlar

Proto-Nakh: *ħamc ( ~ -ā-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔimči

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔẽš: A

Proto-Lak: hiwč

Proto-Dargwa: *hinc

Proto-Lezghian: *ħämč

Proto-Khinalug: mɨč

Proto-West Caucasian: *bVc:ʷV

Notes: Cf. also Hurr. χinʒ-urǝ "apple" (borrowed in Arm. as χnʒor), see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 24. A very widely spread common NC root. The PWC form has a frequent prefixed *b(V)-. The original meaning could have been not "apple", but "medlar" (cf. the semantic correspondence between PN and PWC), with later semantic change (medlars look very much like small apples). Note that PN *ʡāǯ 'apple' should be quite definitely kept apart (PN *ǯ can not be derived from *ć in any possible way); see *HV̄ǯwĔ.

    Despite Abdokov 1983, 110 the PEC forms can not be related to PWC *mIa 'apple'.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ħamc ( ~ -ā-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: medlar

Chechen: ħamc

Ingush: ħamisk

Comments: Ing. ħamisk < *ħamc-Vḳ (with a diminutive suffix). 6th class in Chech., 4th class in Ing. PN > Av. ħanc "medlar".

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔimči

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: apple

Avar: ʕeč

Chadakolob: ʕič

Andian language: inči

Akhvakh: ʕeče

Chamalal: eš

Tindi: eči

Karata: ʕeče

Botlikh: inču

Bagvalal: ʕeč

Godoberi: iču

Comments: Av. paradigm A (gen. ʕéčul; but Chad. C: ʕočó-l, ʕíča-l). Cf. also Akhv. Ratl. eče, Cham. Gig. miči ( < *ʔimči - the form pointing unambiguously to PA *-m-), Kar. Tok. ʕeči.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔẽš: A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: apple

Tsezi: heneš

Ginukh: iši / ʕiši

Khvarshi: hĩjoš

Inkhokvari: ẽš

Bezhta: ẽš (Tlad.)

Gunzib: ẽš

Comments: PTsKh *ʔẽš; PGB *ʔẽš (cf. also Bezht. Khosh. es). The aberrant Tsez. and Khvarsh. forms (heneš and hĩjoš) go back to a PTsKh compound *hĩ+ʔẽš ("pear"+"apple", see PTs *hĩ 'pear').

Lak etymology :

Lak root: hiwč

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: apple

Lak form: hiwč

Comments: Obl. base hiwču-; cf. also Khosr. hičʷ, obl. hiču-.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *hinc

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: apple

Akusha: ʕinc

Chiragh: ʕinc

Comments: Cf. also Kub. hinze, Ur. ʕinc, Sirg., Kait. hinci, Tsud. hinc.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ħämč

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: apple

Lezghian: ič

Tabasaran: wič

Agul: ħač

Rutul: äč

Tsakhur: eč

Kryz: ječ

Budukh: ječ

Archi: aInš

Udi: eIš

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. ič, Tab. Düb. waIč, Ag. Bursh. heč, Fit. hič, Burk. ħäč, Arch. pl. aInš-um. 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages. Obl. base in *-a can be reconstructed on basis of Tsakh. eče-; on the other hand, Rut. obl. base ičir- points to the PL Ablaut *-ä-/*-i-. Thus, the original PL obl. base can be reconstructed as *ħimča-. Medial *-m- is reconstructed by comparing the Arch. -n- with labialisation in Tab. (wič < *ħäwč < *ħämč); in other languages the medial *-m- was lost (regularly) without trace.

    See Trubetzkoy 1930, 84; Бокарев 1961, 72; Лексика 1971, 168; Гигинейшвили 1977, 91.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *bVc:ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: medlar

Abkhaz: a-báč̌

Adyghe: nā-pca (Shaps.)

Ubykh: brǝcʷ

Comments: The Abkh. form is probably most archaic; not quite clear is the origin of nā- in Shaps. and -r- in Ub. (cf. also Abkh. Bzyb. a-bráč̌). It is also possible that all the WC forms reflect an original form like *bVnc:ʷV or *bVmc:ʷV with exceptional preservation of the old medial nasal (cf. external evidence); in this case the Ad. form should be treated as a metathesis ( < *banca), and the forms with -r- - as a result of denasalisation (-n- > -r-). In any case, the coincidence in Adyghe between nāpca 'medlar' and nāpca 'eye-brow' is, of course, purely fortuitous.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *mićíl / *bićíl

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: pomegranate

Yasin: mićíl

Hunza: bićíl

Nagar: bićíl

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *mahać

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: grape

Bizkaian: maats, mats

Gipuzkoan: mats

High Navarrese: mats

Low Navarrese: mahats

Salazarese: mats

Lapurdian: mahats

Baztanese: matx

Zuberoan: mã́hãts

Roncalese: mats

Comments: The Bsq-NC comparison requires metathesis such as *mVʕVćV > Bsq *mahać. Cf. the metathesis in Adyge nāpca ‘medlar’ < *banca < *bVmc:ʷV (NCED). *banca (*bantsa) is remarkably similar to Michelena’s *banats ‘grapes’.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVMCV

Meaning : a k. of fruit

Eurasiatic : *mVsV

Sino-Caucasian : *ʕämćṓ

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *mVsV

Meaning: a k. of fruit

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: ? *(a)masl-

Altaic: *mésV

Kartvelian: *mc̣q̇aw- (or *msxal-)

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *mésV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wild apple, grape

Russian meaning: дикая яблоня, виноград

Tungus-Manchu: *mes(k)u-

Korean: *mǝ̀s

Comments: A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *mes(k)u-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: grape

Russian meaning: виноград

Literary Manchu: muču

Jurchen: me-ču (130)

Orok: muskeri 'name of a tree'

Nanai: muksulte

Udighe: mesukte

Comments: ТМС 1, 572.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *mǝ̀s

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: wild apple; cherry

Russian meaning: дикое яблоко; вишня

Middle Korean: mǝ̀s

Comments: Nam 212.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *mc̣q̇aw-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: лавровишня

English meaning: a k. of cherry tree

Georgian: mc̣q̇av-

Megrel: c̣q̇ol-, c̣q̇e-, c̣q̇i-

Svan: c̣q̇aw-, c̣q̇ew-

Laz: mc̣ḳo(l)-, c̣u-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 247 (*c̣q̇aw-), EWK 250-251 (*mc̣q̇aw-). Ср. алт. *mes(k)V 'дикая яблоня, виноград'. Ср. также *msxal-.

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