Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *chōŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: onion

Chinese: 蔥 *chōŋ onion.

Tibetan: bcoŋ onion.

Comments: Simon 16; Peiros-Starostin 213; Coblin 114.

Chinese characters :

Character: 蔥

Modern (Beijing) reading: cōng

Preclassic Old Chinese: shōŋ

Classic Old Chinese: shōŋ

Western Han Chinese: shōŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: shōŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: shōŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shōŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: shwōŋ

Middle Chinese: chuŋ

English meaning : Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum); of onion color, onion-green

Russian meaning[s]: 1) лук; луковичные огородные растения; 2) зеленый

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 8450

Karlgren code: 1199 g-h

Go-on: su

Kan-on: sou

Japanese reading: sō;negi;aoi

Jianchuan Bai: chü̃4

Dali Bai: chi4

Bijiang Bai: cho4

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2058

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 蔥

MC description : 通合一平東清

ZIHUI: 5523 2651

Beijing: chuŋ 11

Jinan: chuŋ 11

Xi'an: choŋ 11

Taiyuan: chuŋ 1

Hankou: choŋ 12

Chengdu: choŋ 11

Yangzhou: chɔuŋ 11

Suzhou: choŋ 11

Wenzhou: choŋ 11

Changsha: choŋ 11

Shuangfeng: chaŋ 11; chǝn XH

Nanchang: chuŋ 11

Meixian: chuŋ 11

Guangzhou: chuŋ 11

Xiamen: chɔŋ 11

Chaozhou: choŋ 11

Fuzhou: chuŋ 11

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *śHVŋwV

Meaning: onion, odorous grass

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *śVɦVjmV

Sino-Tibetan: *chōŋ

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *śVɦVjmV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of odorous grass

Proto-Nakh: *sṭim ( ~ -ī-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *sVHVmV

Proto-Tsezian: *miša-χu ( ~ -ɨ-)

Proto-Dargwa: *š:aIm-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular, although it is somewhat difficult to reconstruct vocalism (because of the root's trisyllabic nature and the medial laryngeal). The cluster *-jm- is reconstructed to account for the development *s- > *sṭ- in PN and for the development *-Vjm > *-Ṽ in PC. Cf. also HU: Hurr. šim-ri 'fennel' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 23).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *sṭim ( ~ -ī-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 wormwood, absinth 2 hellebore

Chechen: stim-urχa 2

Batsbi: sṭim 1

Comments: Forms are quoted from Алироев 1975, 159, 161. The component -urχa in Chech. is unclear.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *sVHVmV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mint

Avar: saʕán

Chadakolob: šam

Comments: Av. paradigm B~C (gen. saʕní-l; Chad. gen. šimí-l, but also šámi-l). Av. dial. > Bezht., Gunz. sam 'mint'. It is also highly probable that Lak. san (samu-l) 'ramson' is also a borrowing from the same root in some Av. dialect.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *miša-χu ( ~ -ɨ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mint

Tsezi: mešaħu

Ginukh: mečaħu

Comments: PTsKh *mišaχ̥1̇u (-č- in Gin. is irregular, probably under influence of *mič(a) 'nettle' q.v.).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *š:aIm-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mint

Akusha: šumeri

Chiragh: š:aImul

Comments: The root is provided with frequent suffixes (-ri and -l).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVNV

Meaning : onion, odorous grass

Eurasiatic : *sUŋV

Sino-Caucasian : *śHVŋwV

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *sUŋV

Meaning: a k. of onion

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *sokŋV

Uralic: *suŋ(V-)lV, *šuŋ(V-)lV

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: {*sokŋV}

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of onion

Russian meaning: вид лука

Turkic: {*sokan}

Mongolian: *soŋgina (*soɣoŋgina)

Tungus-Manchu: *seŋKule ( < *soŋKule?)

Korean: *sòŋ'ì

Comments: KW 331, Дыбо 10. Despite Щербак 1997, 166, hardly a borrowing in Mong. < Turk. Hypotheses about the Chinese origin of the word (KW 331, Дмитриева 166-167) are hardly grounded: one has to suppose Chin. > Mong., with a secondary addition of the Mong. plant suffix -gina, with a subsequent borrowing Mong. > Turkic (which is hardly plausible because of old attestation within Turkic); the Manchu parallel also speaks against borrowing from Chinese. See also notes on *sugú 'weed' (there may have been some confusion of these two roots in Kor.-Jpn. and in Turkic).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *sogan

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: onion

Russian meaning: лук

Old Turkic: soɣun (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: soɣun (MK)

Turkish: soɣan

Tatar: suɣan

Middle Turkic: soɣan (AH, IM, Pav. C.)

Uighur: soɣan

Sary-Yughur: soxan

Azerbaidzhan: soɣan

Turkmen: soɣan

Halaj: soɣan

Chuvash: soɣan

Kirghiz: soɣan, soɣon

Noghai: soɣan

Bashkir: huɣan

Balkar: soxan

Gagauz: suvan, suan

Salar: soɣan, soɣän

Kumyk: soɣan

Comments: EDT 812, VEWT 425, Лексика 141, 465, ЭСТЯ 7, Федотов 2, 69-70. Forms like Oyr. soɣono, sōno, Tuva soɣuna may be < Mong.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *soŋgina

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: onion

Russian meaning: лук

Written Mongolian: soŋgina (L 727)

Middle Mongolian: so'oŋgina (HY 8), sunqină (MA)

Khalkha: songin

Buriat: hongino

Kalmuck: soŋginǝ

Ordos: soŋginoG

Dongxian: sunguna

Monguor: suŋGunoG

Comments: KW 331. Mong. > Man. soŋgina (see Rozycki 191).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *seŋKule

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: garlic

Russian meaning: чеснок

Spoken Manchu: semǝkǝlǝ 'scallion' (318)

Literary Manchu: seŋgule, seŋkule, semkele

Comments: ТМС 2, 143. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sòŋ'ì

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 lotus seed 2 bud, bunch

Russian meaning: 1 семя лотоса 2 почка, гроздь

Modern Korean: soŋi, soŋari 2

Middle Korean: sòŋ'ì 1

Comments: Nam 310, KED 994.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 927

Proto: *suŋ(V-)lV, *šuŋ(V-)lV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: a k. of lily or onion

German meaning: eine Art Lilie (bzw. Zwiebel der Lilie); Lilium martagon

Khanty (Ostyak): ḷoɣǝḷ (V), joɣǝḷ (Vj., VK) 'Rübe; Lauch, Waldlauch; Art von Wurzelfrüchten'

Mansi (Vogul): taŋkǝl (TJ TČ) 'саранка; Lilium martagon'

Selkup: togi̮l (Ta.) 'саран; (sibirische) Lilie'

Kamass: tuɣul 'Lilienzwiebel (von Lilium martagon)'

References: Problem einen kam-OU Parallels

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