Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HwV́rƛ̣V

Meaning: nut, seed

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʔwǟrƛ̣_V ( ~ -ō-,-Ł-)

Sino-Tibetan: *lĭ

Basque: *hur̄

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔwǟrƛ̣_V ( ~ -ō-,-Ł-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut

Proto-Nakh: *bʡār(ʎ)a

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣ulV-bVƛ̣:V

Proto-Tsezian: *heƛe A

Proto-West Caucasian: *ĺa

Notes: Correspondences are regular. A possible vestige of this root in PL and PD see under *χäwx_wV.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *bʡār(ʎ)a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut

Chechen: bʕāra

Ingush: bʕar

Comments: 3d class in both languages. Cf. also Chech. bʕällang, Ing. bʕäring ( *bʡār(ʎ)-li-nVḳ) 'nut-tree'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣ulV-bVƛ̣:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut, walnut

Avar: c̣uláƛ̣:o

Chadakolob: č̣onóƛ̣:-ħonó

Chamalal: c̣ulibeƛ̣:a (Gig)

Tindi: c̣ulaƛ̣:a

Karata: c̣ulaƛ̣:i (Arch.)

Comments: The word is an old compound *c̣ulV 'tree, wood' (q.v.) + *bVƛ̣:V 'nut', as it is clearly seen from the Cham. form (c̣ulibaƛ̣:a in Bokaryov's notation). Kar. (prop.) c̣ulaƛ̣:o is probably a loan from Av. The Av. Chad. form is a secondary compound (with ħonó 'egg'); -n- is a result of dissimilation ( < *c̣oloƛ̣).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *heƛe A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut, walnut

Tsezi: hiƛo-ri

Ginukh: hiƛa-ʁru

Khvarshi: ħeƛe

Bezhta: heƛe

Gunzib: heƛe

Comments: PTsKh *heƛe (cf. also Tsez. hiƛi "nut core"); PGB *heƛe. The forms: Tsez. hiƛori, Gin. hiƛaʁru (cf. also Bezht. Khosh. heƛarʁo "nut") reflect a PTs compound with a not quite clear second part.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ĺa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut, walnut

Abkhaz: a-rá

Abaza: ra-sa

Adyghe: da

Kabardian: da

Ubykh: La-q̇́á

Comments: PAT *ra (the Abaz. word means properly "nut-tree", cf. Abkh. a-rasá, Bz. a-raśá 'nut-tree'); PAK *da. Meaning of the component -q̇́a in Ub. is not clear. The correspondence PAT *r : PAK *d : Ub. L points to PWC *ĺ.

    See Schmidt 1950, 19, Kuipers 1963, 59, Shagirov 1, 145.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lĭ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fruit, seed

Chinese: 實 *lit fruit (cf. also 犀 *slhǝ̄j 'melon seed')

Tibetan: li apple, sli apple, cherry.

Kachin: li¹, nli¹ seed.

Kiranti: *li (*lej)

Comments: Cf. also notes under *ƛǝ̄j. Cf. STEDT 310-311 *li 'seed' (listing, besides Jingpaw, many forms from Tani, Deng, Naga, Tsangla, Qiang and Tujia).

Chinese characters :

Character: 實

Modern (Beijing) reading: shí

Preclassic Old Chinese: lit

Classic Old Chinese: lit

Western Han Chinese: ljǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: źǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: źɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: źɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: źɨt

Middle Chinese: źit

English meaning : be solid, true; actually, really

Russian meaning[s]: 1) истинный, подлинный, действительный, достоверный; конкретный; реальный; настоящий; факт; поистине, в самом деле; 2) материя; тело; полный, цельный; солидный; 3) мат. делимое, числитель; 4) осуществлять, проводить в жизнь; 5) плод (растения); урожай; доход; обильный; богатства; плоды, результат; 6) Ши (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 富也.從**貫.貫為貨物. [340]

Comments: Used also for *lit 'fruit'; *lit 'be rich'. The three meanings of 實 are probably one and the same word: 'fruit' > 'to be fruitful = rich'; 'to bring fruits > be effective, true'. Viet. has also a colloquial loanword thiệt 'real, genuine'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 7989

Karlgren code: 0398 a-c

Vietnamese reading: thật

Shijing occurrences: 6.2_, 20.1, 20.2, 27.4, 28.3, 33.2, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 45.1, 45.2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1804

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 實

MC description : 臻開三入質船

ZIHUI: 1395 0495

Beijing: ṣî_ 12

Jinan: ṣî_ 12

Xi'an: ṣî_ 12

Taiyuan: sǝʔ 42

Hankou: si_ 12

Chengdu: si_ 12

Yangzhou: sǝʔ 4

Suzhou: zôʔ 42

Wenzhou: zai 42

Changsha: ṣî_ 4

Shuangfeng: ṣî_ 31

Nanchang: sǝt 41

Meixian: sǝt 42

Guangzhou: šat 42

Xiamen: sit 42

Chaozhou: sik 41

Fuzhou: siʔ 42

Shanghai: zaʔ 42

Zhongyuan yinyun: ši 41

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *li (*lej)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: to plant

Tulung: khli-

Kulung: leima

Comments: Toba 94 *(kh)li-.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: leima

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt-5 [1: let- 2: lett- 3: lei- 4: len- 5: le:-]

Meaning: plant, pour out

Nepali: ropnu, khanyāunu.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hur̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hazelnut 2 hazel tree 3 walnut

Araban: unsaur 3

Bizkaian: ur 1, urratx, urretx 2, intxaur 3, (arc) ynsaur 3

Gipuzkoan: ur 1, urritz 2, intxaur 3

High Navarrese: ur 1, urritz 2

Low Navarrese: hur 1, eltzaur 3

Salazarese: urrutx 2, giltzagur 3

Lapurdian: hur 1, urritz 2, eltzaur 3

Baztanese: ur 1, urritz 2

Aezkoan: etxabur 3

Zuberoan: hür 1, ǘrrütx 2, intzáur 3

Roncalese: ũr 1, (Uztárroz) urratze 2, (Vidángoz) urrutx 2, etzagur, itzagur 3

Comments: Cf. PNC *ʔwōrƛ̣_V 'nut'; the same comparison as Bouda (1948). Words for 'hazel tree' are compounds of *hur̄ + *haice 'tree' (q.v.); words for 'walnut' from an obscure first element + *hur̄. The last may also denote other types of nut (see Azkue under INTS̃AUR).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVRLV

Meaning : nut, fruit

Eurasiatic : (cf. PIE *ar- 'nut')

Sino-Caucasian : *HwV́rƛ̣I

Austric : *(pǝ)laj fruit, banana

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *laj

Meaning: fruit

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *laj (cf. *lVj banana)

Austroasiatic meaning: fruit

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *peL.B / *preL.B

Proto-Austronesian: Oc. *mpalai yam

Proto-Thai: pli.A flower of banana; kluaj.C banana

References: Ja 67, Peiros 1998, 156.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: lVj

Meaning: banana

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: kluaj.C banana

Proto-Katuic: NGE pre:t klɔ:j

Proto-Palaungic: De *lɔ:j, k-

Proto-Khmu: *lɔ:j

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