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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HVlHV
Meaning: outside
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *jă
Meaning: field, plain
Burmese: ja cultivated spot of ground.
Kachin: lǝja1 a plain.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-kir,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 畬
Modern (Beijing) reading: yú
Preclassic Old Chinese: Ła
Classic Old Chinese: Ła
Western Han Chinese: la
Eastern Han Chinese: źa
Early Postclassic Chinese: źo
Middle Postclassic Chinese: jo
Late Postclassic Chinese: jo
Middle Chinese: jö
English meaning : field in the 3rd (2nd?) year of cultivation
Russian meaning[s]: обработанное поле; [shē] пал (выжигание стерни и травы)
Radical: 102
Four-angle index: 1790
Karlgren code: 0082 f
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *ja
Meaning: land, earth
Tulung: jē unirrigated field, land, wa-je lowland, ba-ja land, earth, floor
Kaling: -jɔ in bhɔjɔ place, ground, earth, wɔjɔ lowland
Comments: Toba 90 *yu (erroneously comparing Kal. 'u).
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-kul,kiret-notes,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: yi
Grammar: n.
Meaning: dry field
Nepali: bārī.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *hǝr1-
Meaning: (towards) outside
Ket: ʌĺa6; ʌĺga5 "outside"
Yug: ʌréj; ʌrgej5 "outside"
Kottish: hili "outside", hiliga "towards outside"
Comments: ССЕ 231. Possibly connected with *h[ā]r1V 'taiga, wilderness, field' - although the vocalic relations are not quite clear. Werner 1, 315, 403 <*ǝʎ(ǝ) / *qǝʎǝ>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *hol-
Meaning: outside
Yasin: hol-
Hunza: hol-
Nagar: hol-
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVLV
Meaning : front, outside
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *HalV
Meaning: front
References: МССНЯ 354, ОСНЯ 1, 244; ND 2576 *[χ]alV 'front, edge' (+ Akk., ?Eg.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ā́la ( ~ -ē-)
Meaning: front side
Russian meaning: передняя сторона
Comments: A Turk.-Kor. isogloss. Cf. also Evk. alga 'Southern mountain slope', algaja 'right river bank', algakačan 'mountain' - in ТМС 1, 30 united with alga 'blessing' which is somewhat dubious. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-kor,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *āl
Meaning: 1 front 2 forehead 3 in front of 4 towards the front of
Russian meaning: 1 перед 2 лоб 3 впереди, спереди 4 вперед
Old Turkic: alɨn 2 (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: alɨn 2 (MK, KB) Turkish: al 1 (dial.), alɨn 1, 2; 'face'
Tatar: al 1, al-d-ɨ 1, alɨn 1
Uzbek: ɔl-d-i 1
Uighur: ajl, aldi 1, al-dɨn 3, al-ɣa 4
Sary-Yughur: al 1, alɨm, alɨn 1, 2
Azerbaidzhan: alɨn 2
Turkmen: ālɨn 1, 2
Khakassian: alnɨ 1
Shor: alnɨ 1, alɨn-da 3
Oyrat: aldɨ, alɨn 1
Halaj: hānl(ɨ), hāll 2
Chuvash: om 1
Tuva: alɨn 'face'
Tofalar: alɨn 'face, mountain slope'
Kirghiz: al 1, al-d-ɨ 1
Kazakh: al-da 3, al-d-ɨ 1
Noghai: al-d-ɨ 1
Bashkir: al, aldɨ 1
Balkar: al, allɨ 1, al-da 3, al-ɣa 4
Gagauz: annɨ 2
Karaim: al-d-ɨ 1 (K), alɨn 1 (T, H)
Karakalpak: al-d-ɨ 1
Salar: aldɨ- 1
Kumyk: al 1, al-dan 3
Comments: EDT 121, 147; VEWT 14 (should be distinguished from *al- 'below'), TMN 2, 120, ЭСТЯ 1, 124-125, 146, Федотов 2, 280, Лексика 198-199. See EDT 121 commenting on the absence of early attestation of the suffixless form. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *àr-p
Meaning: front
Russian meaning: перед
Modern Korean: ap [aph]
Middle Korean: àrp
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 8
Proto: *alka
English meaning: end (front or back), beginning; to begin
German meaning: (vorderes od. hinteres) Ende, Anfang; anfangen, beginnen
Finnish: alka- 'anfangen, beginnen', alku 'Anfang, Beginn'
Estonian: alga- 'anfangen, begründen', alg (gen. alu) 'Anfang'
Saam (Lapp): aĺge- lg- 'begin to, set to work upon' (N), aĺkē- (L), āilke- (Kld.), ailke- (A) 'anfangen', aĺgo -lg- 'beginning, origin' (N), aĺkō (L), ālk (T), alk (Not. A) 'Anfang' [possibly < Finn.; here perhaps *vōlkē- 'go away'?]
Khanty (Ostyak): alǝŋ (V) 'Anfang; Ende', otǝŋ (DN) 'Ende, Endstück', alǝŋ (O) 'vorderes od. hinteres Ende' ( > Mans. ā̊liŋ), ulǝŋt- (V), otǝŋt- (DN), ɔлǝŋt- (Kaz.) 'anfangen, beginnen'
Mansi (Vogul): awǝ.l (TJ), owl (KU), ōl (P), ɔ̄wl (So.) 'Anfang; Ende'
Enets (Yen): oðo 'früher, vorher', oðoti (Ch.), orete (B) 'der vorderste, der erste'
Selkup: ol (Ta.) 'das Obere, Wipfel', (Ty.) 'Kopf', ōli̮ (Tur.) id., ollэ (Ke.) 'das Obere, Wipfel', olam- (Ta.) 'beginnen', old- (Ke. OO) 'anfangen'
Kamass: ulu 'Kopf'
Addenda: Koib. ulu 'head'
K. Reshetnikov's notes: For the meaning of Lapp. *vōlkē- 'to go away' cf. engl. to start 'to begin / to depart'. However, this Lapp. word can be alternatively compared with Finn. valkama 'wharf, harbour' (Lehtiranta 152). The Proto-Lapp. stem represented by such forms as Lul. al'kē- 'anfangen', al'kō 'Anfang', al'ge- 'begin to, set to work upon' etc. is borrowed from Finnic.
References: FUV; SKES; DEWO 83; Collinder Comp.Gr. 120
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-enc,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-add,uralet-reshet,uralet-lit,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *xal- / *xl-
Russian meaning: быть близко, среди, около
English meaning: to be near, among
Georgian: xl-; a-xl-os 'near', a-xal-i 'new'
Megrel: xol-
Svan: m-ax-e (?)
Svan meaning (Rus.): новый
Svan meaning (Eng.): new
Laz: xol-
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 260, EWK 544-545. Значение "новый" в груз. (и в сванском, если сванская форма сюда относится) позволяет предположить исходное значение типа "передний край" для ПК (отсюда "быть с краю, близко"). В таком случае возможно сопоставление с ностр. *HalV "передний край" (урал. *alV-, *alka-, алт. *āla-, см. ОСНЯ 1, 244); ностратическую форму с учетом картвельских данных следует тогда восстанавливать как *xalV.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-sva,kartet-svmean,kartet-esvmean,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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