Sino-Caucasian etymology : List with all references

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *mä̆r[ƛ]o ~ *ƛä̆mV

Meaning: armful

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *mä̆r[ƛ]ǝ (~-o) [ < *ƛä̆mV-rV?]

Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆m

Basque: *mordo

Proto-North Caucasian: *mä̆r[ƛ]ǝ (~-o)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: handful, armful

Proto-Nakh: *morʎ

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʎum-ur (~ *ƛ-)

Proto-Tsezian: *mi[ƛ]u (~-ɨ-)

Proto-Lezghian: *mä[rƛ]

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The comparison is very probable, although strange phonetically: a lot of irregularities in the development of *ƛ in all subgroups. Maybe this is due to a special development of a rare cluster *-rƛ-? A metathesis similar to the one that occurred in PA, apparently happened also in HU: cf. Hurr. šummǝ 'hand' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 23).

Proto-Nakh: *morʎ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 armful 2 to embrace

Chechen: mor 1

Ingush: morh 1

Batsbi: morʎ-bar 2

Comments: PN paradigm *morʎ, *marʎV- (cf. the archaic adv. Chech. mara "into one's arms", Bacb. majrʎa d-oʎar 'to embrace'; the present obl. base Chech. mora-, Ing. morho is a result of secondary vowel levelling). 6th class in Chech. and Ing.

Protoform: *ʎum-ur (~ *ƛ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: handful

Andian language: ʎumur

Chamalal: ʎum

Tindi: humur

Karata: humur (Tok.)

Botlikh: humuru

Bagvalal: humara

Comments: Since the root is not attested in Akhv., *ƛ or *ʎ may be reconstructed. Note, however, an irregularity: in Tind.and Kar. we should expect ʎ- in any case (only the Botl. and Bagv. h- are regular).

Proto-Tsezian: *mi[ƛ]u (~-ɨ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: handful

Tsezi: meru

Ginukh: meƛu

Comments: A strange case of a -r-:-ƛ- correspondence between Tsez. and Gin.

Proto-Lezghian: *mä[rƛ]

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: handful

Lezghian: mekʷ

Tabasaran: miɣ

Agul: mex

Rutul: mäx

Tsakhur: mex

Kryz: mek

Budukh: mek

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. mex, Ag. Bursh. merš (this is the only form pointing to *-r-, but probably archaic). Obl. base *mi[rƛ]a- (cf. Tab. miɣa-, Kryz. mik-). 3d class in Kryz., Bud., 4th class in Rut.

Reconstruction of the final consonant is complicated (correspondencesare rather unique) - probably because of a specific development of the cluster *rƛ. In any case, there is no doubt that the consonant had been lateral (cf. reflexes in Lezg. dialects, Ag., Rut. and Tsakh.).

See Лексика 1971, 171.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆m

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a measure, fathom

Chinese: 尋 *lhǝm a measure (8 ch'i).

Tibetan: ãdom(s) a fathom.

Burmese: lam to measure by the arms extended, LB *lam; lamh, hlamh to stretch, as arms.

Kachin: lǝlam³ to measure by fathom, (H) lam to measure by fathom (not in common usage).

Lushai: hlam a fathom.

Kiranti: *lám armpit

Comments: Tiddim lām id. Ben. 71; Mat. 170. Cf. PAN *kilan 'span' ( < ST, see Peiros 1998, 220?).

Character: 尋

Modern (Beijing) reading: xún

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhǝm

Classic Old Chinese: lhǝm

Western Han Chinese: lhǝm

Eastern Han Chinese: zhǝm

Early Postclassic Chinese: zhim

Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhim

Late Postclassic Chinese: zhim

Middle Chinese: zjim

English meaning : a measure (8 尺)

Comments: During Early Zhou used also for homonymous *lhǝm 'to warm up' and *lhǝm 'renew'. The meaning 'to seek, search' emerges during Late Zhou (it is not quite clear whether it is archaic or somehow derived from 'renew'?), but becomes widely spread only since Jin. Modern Chinese has also a more standard reading xín. Viet., besides standard tầm, has another loan from the same source: tìm 'to seek, search, look for'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0662 a

Go-on: zimu

Kan-on: simu

Vietnamese reading: tầm

Number: 1369

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 尋

MC description : 深開三平侵邪

ZIHUI: 1416 2208

Beijing: śyn 12

Jinan: śyẽ 12

Xi'an: śyẽ 12

Taiyuan: śyŋ 1

Hankou: śin 12

Chengdu: śyn 12

Yangzhou: ćyĩ 12

Suzhou: zin 12

Wenzhou: zaŋ 12

Changsha: cin 12

Shuangfeng: ʒ́in 12

Nanchang: śyn 31

Meixian: chim 12

Guangzhou: čham 12

Xiamen: sim 12

Chaozhou: chim 12

Fuzhou: siŋ 12

Shanghai: ziŋ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: siǝm 12

Proto-Kiranti: *lám

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: armpit

Tulung: lam-süsü smell from armpits

Kaling: 'lɔm

Limbu: lāpphī armpit, lɔp-sāŋbā hair in armpits

Dumi: hep-lǝ ?

Yamphu: läkkuma

Entry: la:pphipma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: armpit

Derivation: [ < la:p wing] [?]

Entry: heplǝ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: armpit

Comments: cf. kalkal.

Entry: läkkuma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: armpit

Comments: läkkumasu:k sweat of the armpit; hän.äʔä sa:ro läkkumasu:k naŋ.ʔi.ye. (you.POS sāhro armpit_sweat smell.NP.FCT) You sure smell under your arms.

Nepali: kākhī

Proto-Basque: *mordo

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bunch, cluster, group 2 bunch (of grapes or other vegetation) 3 small bunch, small group 4 mess, confusion

Bizkaian: mordo 1, 2, morda 2, mordoska 3, mordoillo 4

Gipuzkoan: mordo 1, 2, mordoska 3, (Andoain) mordoillo 4

High Navarrese: mordoska 3, mordoillo 4

Low Navarrese: molkho 2

Lapurdian: molkho 2, mulko 1

Zuberoan: mólkho 1, morkho 2

Comments: The r ~ l variation (in preconsonantal position) is very unusual in Basque, and may be explained as follows: PSC *mä̆r[ƛ]-ḳV, with the resulting cluster resolving either as *mor-ko or *mol-ko in Bsq.

Borean (approx.) : MVLV

Meaning : get in pairs, pair > two

Eurasiatic : *malV

Afroasiatic : *liʔam- get together ( > 'two' in Cush. and Omot.)

Sino-Caucasian : *ƛä̆mV armful, measure

Notes : ?

Eurasiatic: *malV

Meaning: two

Borean: Borean

Eskimo-Aleut: *malǝʁu- (-*(r)i-)

Comments: A local Siberian root; perhaps (as suggested by Mudrak) connected with PA *mi̯àĺà 'measure'?

Proto-Eskimo: *malǝʁu- (-*(r)i-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: two, pair

Russian meaning: два, пара

Proto-Yupik: *malǝʁu-, *malǝʁi-

Proto-Inupik: *malʁu-, *malʁu-i-

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 187

Proto-Yupik: *malǝʁu-, *malǝʁi-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: two 1, twins 2

Russian Meaning: два 1, близнецы 2

Sirenik: málʁuɣ du. 1

Chaplino: mālʁuk(*) du. 1, malʁík du. 2

Naukan: málʁuk du. 1

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: malluk du. 1, mal[ʁ]ik du. 2

Chugach (Birket-Smith): malʁuk du., maɫʁūŋin 1

Central Alaskan Yupik: malʁuk du. 1, malʁik du. 2

Nunivak (Peripheral): maɫǝʁux* du. 1

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 187

Proto-Inupik: *mạlʁų-, *malʁu-i-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: two 1, two sets, pairs or groups 2

Russian meaning: два 1, пара 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: maʁlūk du. 1, maʁluit pl. 2

SPI Dialects: Imaq máʁluk* 1, W malʁuk* 1, Di maʁluk* 1

North Alaskan Inupik: malʁuk du. 1, malʁuit pl. 2

NAI Dialects: B malʁok* 1, Ingl malẹʁuk* 1, Qaw malʁuk du. 1

Western Canadian Inupik: malʁuk du. 1

WCI Dialects: Cor, M malʁok* 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: maʁʁūk du. 1, maʁʁuit pl. 2

Greenlandic Inupik: maʁɫuk du. (mardluk*) 1, maʁɫuīt pl. 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 187

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *liʔam-

Meaning: get together; be relative, companion

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *lʔm, *lmm 'to get together, unite by common consent, peace treaty', *liʔa/ām- 'union, fraternity, people'

Egyptian: rmt_ 'person' <*lVm-Vk? Cf. Fay lōm-i id.

Western Chadic: *lilim- 'assembly for special occasions'

Central Chadic: *luma 'market' (?)

East Chadic: *lamVm- 'gather' (intr.) 1, 'gather, pile' 2

Low East Cushitic: *lamm- 'companion, relative'

High East Cushitic: *lámm- 'person' ~ *mVll- 'close relative' (met.)

South Cushitic: *lama(l)- 'age-set'

Notes: Related to *lVm- 'big, many'? Same as *HVlVm- 'child'?

Number: 1981

Proto-Semitic: *lʔm, *lmm

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to get together, unite by common consent, peace treaty', *liʔa/ām- 'union, fraternity, people'

Akkadian: lim, nom. līmu (liʔmu) 'tausend' [AHw 553], 'one thousand' [CAD l 194]

Ugaritic: lim 'pueblo, clan' [DLU 240]

Hebrew: lǝʔōm, lǝʔūm, pl. lǝʔummīm 'people, nation' KB, 513. также 'племя, клан' (в Быт. 25:3, см. [TD VII 397]); чаще встречается во мн.ч., считается архаизмом; относится к "другим народам" (к Израилю только в Быт. 25:23) [там же 398-9]. В качестве параллелей обычно приводят угар., акк. и араб. (достаточно далекое по семантике lʔm 'перевязывать рану' и lmm VIII 'соединять' - оба под вопросом в [KB] и lmm VIII 'come together' в [TD VIII 397]). Hе приводятся ни сирийский, ни сабейский, ни эфиопские примеры - даже при не вполне очевидной семантической связи они заслуживают хотя бы упоминания.

Syrian Aramaic: lam 'collegit' Brock., 367

Arabic: lʔm 'se joindre' [BK 2 953], liʔam- 'accord, harmonie (entre les hommes qui s'accordent); paix, concorde' [ibid. 953-4], liʔam-at-, liʔām-at- 'pareil, semblable, et qui fait le pendant d'un autre' [ibid. 954]; laʔīm- 'vil, ignoble; semblable, pareil' [ibid.]; līm- 'paix, concorde; ressemblance d'un homme à un autre' [ibid. 1050]; lum-at- 'petite troupe d'hommes (de trois à dix); semblable, pareil; égal d'âge et de forme, à l'avenant de...' [ibid. 1029] (Mahomet a dit: li-tazawwaɨ̄u-l-raɨ̄ulu lumatu-hu 'que tout homme épouse une femme qui soit son égal en âge, etc.'); lām- 'parenté' [ibid. 1044]; lumm-at- 'compagnon; compagnons de voyage, qui participent aux provisions de route; troupe d'hommes (de trois à dix); troupe de femmes' [ibid. 1022], lamūm- 'qui réunit dans son sein plusieurs personnes ou choses, et offre un rendez-vous' [ibid. 1023], lmm 'ressembler, réunir en ramassant de tous côtés ce qui était dispersé' [ibid. 1022]

Epigraphic South Arabian: Sab. lʔm 'to make a peace settlement' [SD 81], lmw (*lmm) 'to come to an agreement with so.' [ibid. 82]

Tigre: läʔamä 'to be attached, friendly' LH, 42

Tigrai (Tigriñña): cf. läʔamä 'gut, geduldig sein' (б. терпеливым, снисходительным) LH, 42

Notes: При всех трудностях и риске этимологизации числительных _{АКК. 'ТЫСЯЧА',} _ПОхОже,_{ОТHОСИТСЯ К ДАHHОМУ КОРH}ю. _{Hа возможность развития значения от 'группы людей' к определенному числу, вероятно, изначально отражающему численность соответствующей группы, УКАЗЫВАЕТ изосемантическиЙ} _{ряд (о методе изосемантических рядов см. [Майзель] и [КМ]):} (1) Акк. līmu 'тысяча' (ср. также араб. lumat- 'маленький отряд (от трех до десяти человек)') из прасем. *liʔām- 'союз, содружество; народ' < афраз. *lmm 'собираться, быть вместе' (см. ниже). (2) Прасем. *ʕaŝar- 'десять' (см. [KB 894], [LGz 73]) из прасем. *ʕaŝVr- 'группа (первоначально из 10 человек?), общество, содружество, собрание, общая трапеза': акк. eširtu (ст.-вав., ст.-асс.) 'группа из 10 человек' [CAD e 365], ešartu то же [AHw 253]; угар. ʕšr название должности, группы или класса (людей)', ʕšr 'приглашать, угощать, устраивать пиршество' [DLU 92]; евр. ʕāŝǝr, ʕăŝārā 'группа из 10 человек' (см., напр., Быт. 18:32) [KB 894, 895]; саб. ʕs₂rt 'группа кочевников' [SD 21], 'клан' [Biella 387-8]; араб. ʕīšrat- 'общество, объединение друзей, знакомых' [BK 2 261], ʕašīrat- 'ближняя родня по отцовской линии; семья (как подразделение племени)', ʕašīr- 'друг, компаньон; муж' [там же 262]; геэз ʕašur 'пиршество', ʕaŝŝara 'приглашать, созывать' [LGz 73]; мхр. ʔāŝǝr 'друг', джб. ʕáŝer 'член группы, соплеменник, муж, близкий друг' [JJ 17], сок. ʕeŝóre (мн.ч.) 'товарищ, друг' [LS 330]. Из афраз. *ʕaĉVr- 'группа, сообщество людей (одной возрастной категории?)': егип. ʕšꜣ.t 'народ, толпа, множество' (ст. цар.), ʕšꜣ 'быть многочисленным' (ср. цар.) [EG I 229]; чад. (з. и ц.) *ĉaHir-/*ĉiHar- 'друг' [Stolb 53] (по языкам также 'ровесник' и 'любовник'), очевидно, метатеза из *ʕaĉir-/*ʕiĉar-. Ср. [Bla 30]. (3) Сок. máḥber 'сто' [LS 161] (с консонантным корнем *ḥbr или *ḫbr) из прасем. *ḫ/ḥa/ibr- 'община, объединение, отряд; друг, компаньон' (ср. [KB 288], [LGz 256] и [DK 155]).

Old Egyptian:

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Proto-WChadic: *lilim-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'assembly for special occasions'

Tangale: lilim [JgT]

Proto-CChadic: *luma (?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'market' (<'gathering of people'?)

Notes: Kraft 'market'

Proto-EChadic: *lamVm-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'gather' (intr.) 1, 'gather, pile' 2

Bidiya: lùm 1 [JBid]

Mubi: lámmà 1 [Lk: 190]

Mokilko: lũmme ̀2 [JMkk]

Notes: Mubi 'versammeln'

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *lamm-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'companion, relative'

Somali: lammaan 'to be companion'

Oromo (Galla): lammii '(close) relations' (unless < Arb)

Proto-High East Cushitic: *lamm- ~ *mVll-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'close relative' 1, 'person' 2

Hadiya (Gudella): moollo 1

Burji (Bambala, Dashe): lámmi (acc. to [Sas Brj], dissim. <*nam-; pl. mēna) 2

Proto-South Cushitic: *lama(l)-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'age-set'

Asa-Aramanic: Cf. lama 'serpentine ochre marking on body'

Qwadza (Ngomvia): lamalito

Notes: Ehr HRSC 202-3 ("age-set consist of those given a particular body marking together, namely circumcision, at a common initiation ceremony")

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

North Caucasian etymology :

Nakh etymology :

Avar-Andian etymology :

Tsezian etymology :

Lezghian etymology :

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Chinese characters :

Chinese Dialects :

Kiranti etymology :

Limbu dictionary :

Dumi dictionary :

Yamphu dictionary :

Basque etymology :

Long-range etymologies :

Nostratic etymology :

Eskimo etymology :

Yupik etymology :

Inupik etymology :

Afroasiatic etymology :

Semitic etymology :

Egyptian etymology :

West Chadic etymology :

Central Chadic etymology :

East Chadic etymology :

Low East Cushitic etymology :

High East Cushitic etymology :

South Cushitic etymology :