Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʔolʁwA

Meaning: to think

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʔolʁwA

Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆w

Comments and references : Cf. alternatively PST *Guaɫ `think, consider'; ?Bur. khīl `to see'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔolʁwA

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to think

Proto-Nakh: *ʔoHV-la ( ~ -ō-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔurʁV-

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔarʁʷ- / *ʔirʁʷ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔalʁV-

Proto-West Caucasian: *ʁʷa

Notes: Semantically and phonetically all the listed forms match each other very well.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʔoHV-la ( ~ -ō-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thought

Chechen: ojla

Ingush: ujla

Comments: Reconstruction of Inlaut uncertain because of the absence of Bacbi parallels (*-g- also possible). The word is an exact parallel to Av. úrʁe-l 'thought'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔurʁV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: think

Avar: urʁ-

Tindi: urʁ-iji-

Karata: urʁ-

Godoberi: urʁĩ-

Comments: Andian forms may be loaned from Av.; certainly an Av. loanword is Cham. urʁī-la 'think'. Av. úrʁel 'thought, anxiety' > Lak. urʁil id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔarʁʷ- / *ʔirʁʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to hear 2 to understand

Akusha: arʁ- / irʁ- 1,2

Chiragh: č-arʁʷ- 2

Comments: Cf. also Ur. arʁ-/irʁ- 'to hear'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔalʁV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to think 2 to understand

Tabasaran: ʁawri š- 2

Agul: ʁaʔur-di arx- 2

Archi: arha-s

Comment: The Tab. and Ag. compound verbs contain the old deverbal noun from the stem *ʔilʁV- > *ʁV- (with contraction). Cf. also Ag. Bursh. ʁawur-di arki-s 'to understand'.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʁʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to seem 2 to think, suppose

Abaza: ʕʷa-rá 1

Adyghe: gʷǝ-ʁa-n 2

Kabardian: gʷǝ-ʁa-n 2

Ubykh: ʁʷa- 2

Comments: Ub. a-z-ʁʷá-n. The Abaz. verb is used in expressions like sgʷǝ ʕʷ-iṭ "it seems to me" (lit. "my heart thinks"). The PAK form *gʷǝ-ʁa- has a delabialised *ʁ as a result of contamination with another PWC stem, *ǵʷǝ-Ga- 'to hope' q.v. (PAK *gʷǝ-ʁa- means both 'to think, suppose' and 'to hope'). See Shagirov 1, 115.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆w

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: understand, be able

Chinese: 喻 *los understand; instruct, enlighten.

Tibetan: blo mind, intellect; be able.

Kachin: lu²-na³ can, (H) lu, thu be able, can.

Kiranti: *lù

Comments: The Chinese form may also reflect PST *jǝ̆w 'understand, consider' q.v.

Chinese characters :

Character: 喻

Modern (Beijing) reading: yù

Preclassic Old Chinese: los

Classic Old Chinese: loh

Western Han Chinese: lwah

Eastern Han Chinese: źwah

Early Postclassic Chinese: źwò

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jwò

Late Postclassic Chinese: jwò

Middle Chinese: jǜ

English meaning : to compare; comparison, metaphor, explanation [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) метафора, аллегория; иносказательный; говорить метафорами; намекать; 2) сравнивать; сравнение; 3) уяснить, понять; быть сведущим; быть сильным в...; знать толк в (чем-л.); 4) Юй (фамилия)

Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is dụ; for the nasalisation cf. Chinese dialectal forms: Xiamen lu⁶, Chaozhou zu⁴ (pointing to *ń-).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 8770

Karlgren code: 0125 c

Vietnamese reading: nhu`

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1353

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 喻

MC description : 遇合三去遇以

ZIHUI: 0827 1018

Beijing: y 3

Jinan: y 3

Xi'an: y 3

Taiyuan: y 3

Hankou: y 3

Chengdu: y 3

Yangzhou: y 3

Suzhou: y 32

Wenzhou: ɦu 32

Changsha: y 31

Shuangfeng: y 12

Nanchang: y 32

Meixian: ji 3

Guangzhou: jy 32

Xiamen: lu 32

Chaozhou: zu 22

Fuzhou: y 32

Shanghai: y 32

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *lù

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: feel

Tulung: lü- feel, be affected

Kaling: lünä (lüŋɔ)

Dumi: lɨnɨ

Kulung: lǝma

Yamphu: lu:ma 'to be present, to be experienceable'

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: lɨnɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vi-4 lo:-lɨ-lu

Meaning: 1) (inceptive pseudo-aspectivizer with infinitive) to commence, to begin, to start; 2) (conjugated impersonally) be felt unto someone, make itself felt unto someone; (conjugated personally) feel like, feel: 2a) so:ʔwa lɨnɨ be hungry unto someone; 2b) kɨmin lɨnɨ be thirsty unto someone; 2c) so:ʔyǝmbɨ ('famine') lɨnɨ be in effect, be going on (of a famine); 2d) di:r lɨnɨ feel pleasure, enjoy, like; 2e) minnɨ lɨnɨ to remember; 2g) dzuʔu lɨnɨ feel cold 2h) khǝtn lɨnɨ feel ashamed, be put to shame 3) perform, do (in lexicalized combinations): 3a) bele lɨnɨ goof around, loaf off 3b) le: lɨnɨ sing 3c) mintǝlǝlǝ lɨnɨ be deeply engrossed in thought, be pensive 3d) (with ghɨmɨ spinning) twirl about, rotate along an axis

Nepali: 2) lāgnu

Derivation: 1) vide 6.3.12; setnɨ luyi They began to kill; Nyetnɨ lo: It began to ache; 2d) O:ʔimsi di:r lo: I like to sleep; 2e) Aminnɨ lo: You remembered; O:minnɨ lo:ta I shall remember; cf. minnɨ vt-2a (2); 2f) AN wǝm lo:ta I'm hot; cf. wǝm; 2h) cf. ya:tnsinɨ; 3d) ghɨmi lo:ta It's starting to spin; cf. ranta, rantam, ri:nɨ vi-1.

Comments: Nep. 2d) man lāgnu 2h) lāj lāgnu; 3) barālnu; 3c) socāī garnu, vicār garnu. For lɨnɨ 'start' cf. perhaps Yamphu li:ma id.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: lǝma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi-7 [1: lɔi- 2: lɔ- 3: lǝi- 4: lǝ-]

Meaning: feel itself, play

Nepali: lāgnu, khelnu

Comments: cuN lǝi-e 'it is cold' ɔ:-im lǝi-e 'I feel sleepy.' cham lǝi-ya We'll sing a song., an-a di nǝtt-ǝ tɔN lɔi-ɔ: 'I think you like millet beer'.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: lu:ma I

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <lu:d- ; lu:->

Grammar: v.intr.

Meaning: to be present, to be attached, to be there in such a manner as to be experienceable

Comments: nam lu:.ʔu. (sun be.NP) The sun's shining. yum lu:.yen.de? (salt be.FCT.ISF) Is there salt in it?; kissima.so lu:.ye. (fear.too be.FCT) You'll be scared.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : LVWV

Meaning : think

Sino-Caucasian : *ʔolʁwA

Austric : PAN *ilaw 'look, see, watch'

Notes : PAN may be < ST.

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