Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *s_ɨlV ( ~ -ɫ-) ?

Meaning: light; easy

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *s_ɨlV ( ~ -ɫ-)

Sino-Tibetan: *lă (s-)

Basque: *saɫhui

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *s_ɨlV ( ~ -ɫ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: light (of weight)

Proto-Lezghian: *s:ɨlä-

Proto-West Caucasian: *Łʷasǝ

Notes: A Lezg.-WC isogloss. The PWC form can be analyzed as "light inside" (with the common WC morpheme *Łʷa- 'inner, inside; to enter'). In this case the correspondence is established between PL *s:ɨlä- and PWC *-sǝ. It is quite regular and seems probable, but must be approached with some caution because of the scarcity of reflexes in EC languages. See Абдоков 1983, 150.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *s:ɨlä-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 light 2 small 3 transparent, pure; liquid

Lezghian: q̇e-zil 1

Agul: ḳisal-f (?) 1

Rutul: sɨl-dɨ 1

Kryz: siläd 2

Budukh: sala-l 3

Archi: s:ala 1

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. q̇e-sɨl (Lezg. q̇e- is an archaic adjective prefix; it can not, however, correspond to Ag. ḳi- - that is why the Ag. form still requires an explanation). Shakhdagh > Khin. sulu 'liquid' (with the same specific semantic change as in Bud.).

    See Хайдаков 1973,107.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *Łʷasǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: light (of weight)

Abkhaz: á-las

Abaza: lasǝ

Ubykh: wasǝ́

Comments: PAT *lasǝ. The correspondence PAT *l : Ub. w points only to PWC *Łʷ. If the root is *sǝ (see below), one can compare (following Абдоков 1983, 150) *psǝ- in PAK *psǝ-nč̣́á 'light; swift' > Ad. psǝnč̣a, Kab. psǝnṣ́a.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lă (s-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: easy, slow

Chinese: 舒 *sla slowly, leisurely, easy, relax.

Tibetan: sla easy.

Comments: Cf. *lV̆j.

Chinese characters :

Character: 舒

Modern (Beijing) reading: shū

Preclassic Old Chinese: sla

Classic Old Chinese: l̥a

Western Han Chinese: l̥a

Eastern Han Chinese: śa

Early Postclassic Chinese: śo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: śo

Late Postclassic Chinese: śo

Middle Chinese: śö

English meaning : be relaxed, slow, easy, lazy

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вытягивать; распространяться; развертывать, расстилать; разгладить; 2) неторопливый, медлительный; спокойный

Comments: Fuzhou chü¹ may point rather to OC *slha, with irregular development > MC śö (normally *sjö would be expected).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 135

Four-angle index: 3023

Karlgren code: 0083 k

Shijing occurrences: 23.3

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1505

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 舒

MC description : 遇合三平魚書

ZIHUI: 5289 0886

Beijing: ṣu 11

Jinan: ṣu 11

Xi'an: fu 11

Taiyuan: su 1

Hankou: śy 11

Chengdu: su 11

Yangzhou: su 11

Suzhou: sü 11

Wenzhou: si_ 11

Changsha: śy 11

Shuangfeng: śy 11

Nanchang: śy 11

Meixian: su 11

Guangzhou: šy 11

Xiamen: su 11

Chaozhou: su 11

Fuzhou: chy 11

Shanghai: sü 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: šiu 1

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *saɫhui

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: agile, quick, nimble

Gipuzkoan: zaloi, zauli

High Navarrese: zaloi, zauli

Salazarese: zaloi

Lapurdian: zalhui, zauli

Baztanese: zauli

Aezkoan: zalui, zaloi

Zuberoan: zálhe

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVLV

Meaning : light, loose

Eurasiatic : *SulV

Afroasiatic : ? Sem. *sVwl- 'lax' or *šVlw- 'be quiet, at rest', Eg. sꜣ 'weak', Berb *sull- 'slowly, easily'

Sino-Caucasian : *s_ɨlV ( ~ -ɫ-) ?

Reference : ND 2050, 2154.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *SulV

Meaning: loose

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *(s)leu- (Pok. 962-963); cf. *seil- 2383

Altaic: *sṓlo; Mong. silirke- 'be lazy'

Uralic: BF *š/čilya- 'quiet, slow'

Kartvelian: ? *ćal-

Dravidian: *zoḷ- 'empty, carious'; + SDr *čuḷ- 'light'

Comments: (cf. *culV)

References: МССНЯ 351. 2 or more roots?: cf. ND 297 *coḷ/ĺV 'become empty' (Kartv. - Drav. *zoḷ-); 2050 *s̄uḷ[u] 'lax, loose, slack' (Alt.+IE+Drav. *čuḷ- + Sem., ?Eg.); 2154 *šiLV 'quiet' (Ur. + Mong. + SH).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *(s)lūg-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: weak, languid, small

Baltic: *slaûg-an-a-, *sleug-[a]-, *sleûg-an-a- adj., *slū̂g- vb. intr.

Germanic: *slūk-a- (~ -au-) vb., *slauk-a- adj., *sluk-n-ō- vb., *slauk-Vr-ō- vb.; *luk-ō- vb., *luk-r-ō- vb., etc.

Russ. meaning: слабый, вялый, маленький

References: WP II 708 f

Comments: See other roots with *[s]l- meaning 'weak, lax'.

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *slaûg-an-a-, *sleug-[a]-, *sleûg-an-a- adj., *slū̂g- vb. intr.

Meaning: fall down, sink

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: slū́gti (-gsta, -gō) `herabfallen, sich senken, (vom Wasser) fallen, klein werden, abmagern, sich niedersetzen, nachlassen (vom Schmerz), still werden'

Lettish: slaũgans 'schlaff, erschlafft', šl̨aũgans, šl̨aûgans, šl̨augs 'los, locker, schlaff, schlotterig; glatt, schlüpfrig; flau; zugespitzt; schlank'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *slūkan- (~ -au-), *sluknōn-, *slaukVrōn-; *lukōn-, *lukrōn-

Meaning: weak, lazy

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: loka wk. `hangen lassen'; slokna wk. `erlöschen, aufhören'; lokna wk. `fallen'; ptc. slokin-n `erloschen'

Norwegian: dial. sloka `faul sein'; slauk `schlaffer Mensch', slauka `sich schleppen'; lukr `lose'; dial. lukra, lokra, lugra `schlaffhangen'; loka `zaudern'; slokna vb.; lokan `loslassen (von der Rinde)'

Swedish: sloka `schwerfällig gehen, herumschlendern; schlaff herabhangen lassen';

Old English: slēak `schlaff'

English: slouch

East Frisian: lugg `schlaff, träge'

Dutch: sluik; vlam. slōkeren `slap zijn'; { log `plump' }

Middle Low German: slūk `slap'

Low German: slūk `schlaff', slōkeren `schlaff sein, schlottern', slukkern; slukk `bedroefd', slokk `slap, zwak'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *sṓlo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be lax, loose

Russian meaning: быть расслабленным, свободным

Turkic: *sōl

Mongolian: *sula

Tungus-Manchu: *sula-

Korean: *săr-

Japanese: *sǝra- ( ~ -ua-)

Comments: KW 336, SKE 221 (the Kor. form is found only there and thus questionable). Despite Doerfer MT 26, TM forms are hardly borrowed from Mong.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *sōl

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: left

Russian meaning: левый

Old Turkic: sol (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: sol (MK)

Turkish: sol

Tatar: sul

Middle Turkic: sol (Pav. C., Abush.)

Uzbek: sọl

Uighur: sol

Sary-Yughur: sol, söl

Azerbaidzhan: sol

Turkmen: sōl

Khakassian: sol

Shor: sol

Oyrat: sol

Tuva: sol

Kirghiz: sol

Kazakh: sol

Noghai: sol

Bashkir: hul

Balkar: sol

Gagauz: sol

Karaim: sol

Karakalpak: sol

Kumyk: sol

Comments: EDT 824, VEWT 426, ЭСТЯ 7. Also *sōlak, whence WMong. solaɣai, Kalm. solɣǟ (KW 330, Щербак 1997, 166), whence again Kaz. solaqaj etc. (VEWT 427).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *sula

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: loose, lax, vacant

Russian meaning: расслабленный, свободный

Written Mongolian: sula (L 736)

Middle Mongolian: sula (MA), sulara- 'to loosen' (SH)

Khalkha: sul

Buriat: hula 'weak, lax'

Kalmuck: sulǝ

Ordos: sula

Dongxian: sula 'weak'

Baoan: sǝla

Dagur: sual, sol (Тод. Даг. 163), suale (MD 212)

Shary-Yoghur: sula

Monguor: sǝlā (SM 342), (MGCD sulā)

Comments: KW 336, MGCD 577, 612. Mong. > Evk., Manchu sula id. (see ТМС 2, 124, Rozycki 190).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *sula-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to leave

Russian meaning: оставлять, оставаться

Evenki: sula- / sulā-

Even: hụlā-

Negidal: sola-pča-

Ulcha: solaoǯụ-

Orok: sụlaw-

Nanai: solō-

Oroch: sulagi-

Comments: ТМС 2, 124.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *săr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to fit loosely, be shaky

Russian meaning: свободно вмещаться, быть шатким

Modern Korean: salgapta (orph. săl-găpta)

Comments: SKE 221.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *sǝra- ( ~ -ua-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to deviate

Russian meaning: отклоняться

Middle Japanese: sora-

Tokyo: soré-

Kyoto: sòré-

Kagoshima: soré-

Comments: JLTT 755. Accent is not clear: Kagoshima points to *sǝ́rá-, but Kyoto and Tokyo rather to *sǝ̀rá-.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ćal-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: опоражнивать; иметь досуг

English meaning: to empty; to be at leisure

Georgian: cal-, cl-

Megrel: čol-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 227, EWK 457.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *zoḷ-

Meaning : decayed; empty

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *zoḷ-

Proto-Telugu : *soḷḷ- (*z-)

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *zoḷ-

Meaning : decayed, useless; unsubstantial

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : coḷḷai

Tamil meaning : that which is decayed, worm-eaten, carious, lean, skinny person, useless, good-for-nothing person

Malayalam : coḷḷu

Malayalam meaning : stunted, worm-eaten, unsubstantial

Malayalam derivates : ? cor_r_a, cotta worm-eaten

Kannada : joḷḷu

Kannada meaning : unsubstantiality, emptiness, state of being pithless or without stuff

Kannada derivates : ? joṭṭi unsubstantiality, uselessness

Tulu : colle

Tulu meaning : (B-K) cripple

Notes : Unclear if PSDR *ǯot_- (Kan. joṭṭi, Mal. cor_r_a) belongs here.

Number in DED : 2864

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *soḷḷ- (*z-)

Meaning : empty

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : soḷḷu (B)

Number in DED : 2864

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