Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ĭŁ_V

Meaning: to give

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ĭŁ_V

Sino-Tibetan: *lăH

Comments and references : HGC 19.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ĭŁ_V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to give

Proto-Nakh: *=aʎ-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iƛ̣:-

Proto-Tsezian: *-ɨƛ- A

Proto-Lak: 450

Proto-Dargwa: *=(i)k:-/*lVk:-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiƛ:ɨ-

Proto-Khinalug: =ḳ-ʷi

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The verb usually is used with class prefixes; however, a prefixless stem *ʔĭŁ_V- can also be reconstructed (reflected, with loss of the first syllable, in the PN imperative stem *lo, Av. stem II ƛ̣:e-, PD stem *k:V-). The Ablaut stem *-uŁ_V is reflected in PL *ʔoƛ:ɨ-, Lak. =u=lu- and in some Darg. forms (if we reconstruct here *ū, PTs *-ɨƛ- may also reflect this stem - vs. *-iƛ- < *-ĭŁV). Finally, PN *t-ēʎ- reflects another durative Ablaut stem (without secure parallels in other EC languages).

    Cf. also Hurr., Urart. ar- 'to give' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 51).

    See Trubetzkoy 1922, 242.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=aʎ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: give

Chechen: =al-

Ingush: =al-

Batsbi: =aʎ-

Comments: Pres./fut. *lo (Chech., Bacb. lo, Ing. lu). Cf. also the Ablaut stem (with a preverb) *t-ēʎ- in Chech. tēl- 'to pay', Bacb. teʎ- 'to give'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iƛ̣:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 give 2 distribute, give out

Avar: ƛ̣:e- 1

Chadakolob: ƛ̣e- 1

Tindi: =iƛ̣:-ij- 2

Comments: Cf. also Av. (with Ablaut) =iƛ̣:- 'distribute, share'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *-ɨƛ- A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: give

Tsezi: neƛ-,teƛ-

Ginukh: neƛ-,toƛ-

Khvarshi: tiƛ-

Inkhokvari: tɨƛ-,iƛ-,cɨƛ-

Bezhta: niƛ-

Gunzib: nɨƛ-

Comments: PTsKh *-ɨƛ- (with preverbs: *n-,*t-,*c-, but also without them in the Ablaut form *ʔiƛ-; forms with *n- mean 'to give (to the 1st p.)', forms with *t- - 'to give (to the 3d p.)'); PGB *n-ɨƛ-.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =ulu-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: give

Lak form: =ulu-n

Comments: G.pr. =ullu-nu. Cf. Khosr. =ulu-n, aor. =ul-dun-di.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=(i)k:-/*lVk:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: give

Akusha: g- /lug-

Chiragh: =i(lej)k:-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. ɣ-/luɣ- 'give'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiƛ:ɨ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: give

Lezghian: gu-

Tabasaran: t-uw-

Agul: i-

Rutul: wɨ-

Tsakhur: hi=le-

Kryz: wu-

Budukh: jɨ=vǝ- (term.)

Archi: ƛo-

Comment: Most forms reflect the basic PL form *ʔiƛ:ɨ-; note, however, the reflex of an Ablaut grade *ʔoƛ:a- in Arch. oƛa-s 'sell' and possibly Tab. Düb. d-uvu-s (= Tab. lit. tuvu-z), dur. d-u-l-ɣu-n- 'give'.

    See Гигинейшвили 1977, 86.

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lăH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: take, give

Chinese: 予 *laʔ give (cf. also 詒 *Łǝ 'bequeathe, give')

Kachin: la³ take, accept; cf. also ja¹ to give; to return, as a borrowed article.

Lushai: la (lāk) to take, KC *la.

Kiranti: *lǝ̀(s)

Comments: Bodo lá; Banpara la; Newari lā-; Magari lā; Tujia lie.3. Sh. 162, 434.

Chinese characters :

Character: 予

Modern (Beijing) reading: yú

Preclassic Old Chinese: Ła

Classic Old Chinese: Ła

Western Han Chinese: la

Eastern Han Chinese: źa

Early Postclassic Chinese: źo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jo

Late Postclassic Chinese: jo

Middle Chinese: jö

English meaning : I, we

Russian meaning[s]: давать, жаловать, предоставлять, вм. 與; [yú] я, вм. 余

Comments: Also written as 余; used as well for OC *laʔ, MC jö́ (FQ 余呂) 'to present, give' ( = 與 q.v.).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 6

Four-angle index: 3021

Karlgren code: 0083 a-b

Go-on: yo

Kan-on: yo

Japanese reading: yo+

Shijing occurrences: 35.5, 53.2_

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *lǝ̀ / *lǝǹ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: take off, take out

Kaling: 'lännä ('läjŋɔ) go out, come out

Dumi: lǝnnɨ

Kulung: lǝima 'go out'

Yamphu: la:ma

Comments: There may be some confusion with *làt q.v.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: lǝnnɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vt-4 lǝnd/lǝn-lǝnts/lǝs-lǝt

Meaning: bring out, take out, remove

Nepali: nikālnu

Derivation: [dir. < lǝnnɨ vi-5 'come out, emerge']

Comments: cf. latnɨ vt-2a.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: lǝima

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi-6 [1: lǝt- 2: lǝi- 3: lǝtt- 4: lǝn- 5: lǝ:-]

Meaning: descend, go out, fall down, emerge, appear

Nepali: jharnu, niskanu, orlanu

Comments: ɔ:-mikwa lǝtt-e 'I am crying.'

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: la:ma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <la:s- ; la:->

Grammar: v.tr.

Meaning: to take, to take possession of.

Nepali: linu

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVLV

Meaning : to receive (+ bestow)

Eurasiatic : *HVlV

Afroasiatic : Sem. *χVl-; Cush. *hel- 'get, obtain'

Sino-Caucasian : *=ĭŁ_V

African (misc.) : Cf. Macro-Khoisan *ƛV (?) "to give".

Reference : ND 1858.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HVlV

Meaning: to take, receive

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ắla

Uralic: *älV-

Dravidian: *ēl_- (or SD *aḷ- 'handful')

References: ND 1858 *q[a]ḷi 'to extend one's hand, seize' (w/o Ur.). Cf. also 1860 *qäl̄V 'hand' (Kartv. *qel- + Chad.).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ắla

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: take, receive

Russian meaning: брать, получать

Turkic: *ạl-

Mongolian: *ali-

Tungus-Manchu: *al(i)-

Japanese: *á-

Comments: KW 6, EAS 140, Poppe 75, Doerfer MT 239 (attempts to disprove the etymology in TMN 2, 122 are futile). The reason for close *ạ in PT is unclear (*al- would be normally expected). Note, however, that the Jpn. reflex represents loss of *-l- in a verbal stem, thus strongly suggesting an original monosyllabic form *ál (cf. *gĕ̀le, {*si̯óle}).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ạl-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to take

Russian meaning: брать

Old Turkic: al- (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: al- (MK, KB)

Turkish: al-

Tatar: al-

Middle Turkic: al- (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: ɔl-

Uighur: al-

Sary-Yughur: al-

Azerbaidzhan: al-

Turkmen: al-

Khakassian: al-

Shor: al-

Oyrat: al-

Halaj: al-

Chuvash: il-

Yakut: ɨl-

Dolgan: ɨl-

Tuva: al-

Tofalar: al-

Kirghiz: al-

Kazakh: al-

Noghai: al-

Bashkir: al-

Balkar: al-

Gagauz: al-

Karaim: al-

Karakalpak: al-

Salar: al-

Kumyk: al-

Comments: EDT 124-125, VEWT 14-15, ЭСТЯ 1, 127-128, Егоров 68, Лексика 336, 337, Stachowski 259.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ali-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to take, receive 2 give!

Russian meaning: 1 брать, получать 2 дай!

Written Mongolian: ali 2 (L 31)

Khalkha: aĺ, aliv 2

Buriat: aĺē 2

Kalmuck: aĺ, aĺǝ 2

Ordos: ali 2

Dongxian: ali

Baoan: an

Dagur: ali- 1 (Тод. Даг. 120)

Monguor: ali 2

Comments: KW 6, MGCD 103. Dagur is the only language reflecting the complete verbal paradigm of *ali-; it may well be that Dag. ali- is in fact a TM loanword.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *al(i)-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 take, receive 2 give, hand over

Russian meaning: 1 брать, получать 2 давать, передавать

Evenki: al- 1

Even: al- 1

Negidal: al- 1

Spoken Manchu: iali- (1404)

Literary Manchu: ali- 1

Jurchen: ali- (242) 2

Ulcha: alụ̄- 2

Orok: alị- 1

Nanai: alị- 1

Oroch: alō- 2

Udighe: ali- 1, alu- 2

Solon: ali- 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 26-27.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *á-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to get, receive

Russian meaning: получать

Old Japanese: u (stem a-)

Middle Japanese: ú (stem a-)

Tokyo: é-

Kyoto: é-

Kagoshima: é-

Comments: JLTT 681. The Tokyo accent is irregular.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 41

Proto: *älV-

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to lift, carry

German meaning: heben, tragen

Khanty (Ostyak): äl- (V) 'tragen', ȧl- (O) 'id., in der Hand, auf den Händen', älǝm- (V), ȧtǝm- (DN), ȧlǝm- (O) 'heben'

Mansi (Vogul): älm- (TJ), ɔ̄̈lm- (KU), ālm- (P So.) 'heben, tragen', ālėnt- (N) 'tragen'

Hungarian: emel- 'heben' (?)

Nenets (Yurak): jilā-

Enets (Yen): iðá- (Ch.), jirá- (B) 'aufheben'

Nganasan (Tawgi): jiĺiʔe-

Selkup: ila- (OM) 'wiegen, aufheben', ilèśpa- (N) 'wiegen'

Kamass: ʒ́ilde- 'in die Höhe heben'

References: FUV; MSzFgrE; TESz; EtSz; Bár.SzófSz; Paas.Beitr. 38

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ēl_-

Meaning : 1 to receive 2 to bestow

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *ēl_-

Proto-Telugu : *ēl_-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *ē-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ēl_-

Brahui : (h)ēling

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *ēl_-

Meaning : to happen; to accept

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : ēl (ēr_p-, ēr_r_-; ēlv-, ēn_r_-)

Tamil meaning : to happen, occur, be suitable, convenient, just; to receive, welcome, admit, consent, beg, undertake, engage in

Tamil derivates : ēl suitability, appropriateness, fitness; ēr_pu id., acceptance, reception; ēr_pōn_ beggar; ēr_r_atu that which is fit, proper; (Asher-Radhakrishnan) ēr_r_am acceptance; ēr_paṭu to come into existence, be produced, be engaged in, agree, consent; ēr_paṭuttu to create, establish, persuade, prepare, arrange, appoint; ēr_pāṭu arrangement, rule, appointment to an office

Malayalam : ēl

Malayalam meaning : possibility, reach; preparation, responsibility

Malayalam derivates : ēluka to suit, fit; ēlkka to receive, take in charge, admit, confess; ēlpeṭuka to engage in, be responsible for; vb. n. ēlpāṭu; ēlpeṭukka, ēlpeṭuttuka, ēlpikka to entrust with; ēr_r_a admitted, agreed, undertaken

Kannada : ēr_

Kannada meaning : to become, be fit, be suitable, be possible, be able; n. state of being fit, etc.

Kannada derivates : ērpaḍu to be arranged, be ready to act; ērpaḍisu to arrange, set in order; ērpāḍu, ērpāṭu decision, arrangement

Tulu : ēpuni

Tulu meaning : to catch (as a ball), take, lift, or toss up a child in the arms

Proto-Nilgiri : *ēl-

Number in DED : 0905

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *ēl-

Meaning : to get, receive

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : ēl- (ēt_-) "to catch in something held up"

Toda : ēf- (ēt-) "to receive, take"

Additional forms : Also Kota ērpāṛ- (obl. ērpāṭ-) preparation, selection of a man to do something; ērpaṛt- (ērpaṛty-) to prepare (thing or to do something), appoint (a person)

Notes : Kota ērpāṛ-, etc. < Tamil.

Number in DED : 905

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *ēl_-

Meaning : to accept, admit, take

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : ēlu

Additional forms : Also elayu to arise, be produced, increase, (K. also) be suitable, become favourable; elarāru to increase; elaru increase; elarucu to arise, be produced or manifested; ērcu to set in order; ērpaḍu to be arranged, established, determined, appointed; [1] ērpar_acu, [2] ērparincu to arrange, settle, establish; ērpāṭu arrangement, system, settlement, decision, appointment

Number in DED : 905

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *ē-

Meaning : to take; to receive

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Naiki : ēk- "to take, lift"

Parji : ēp- (ēt-) "to get"

Kondekor Gadba : ēp- "to receive, take"

Number in DED : 905

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ēl_-

Meaning : to receive; to increase

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *ēn-

Konda : els- (-t-)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *en-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ēṇ-

Gondi etymology :

Konda etymology :

Konda : els- (-t-)

Meaning: to become large, (family) to increase in size

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 905

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *en-

Meaning : to beg

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : ēn- (-t-), en- (-t-)

Manda : en- (-t-)

Notes : Facultative vowel length in Pengo can probably point to a different reconstruction (especially since inlaut *-n- goes back to a cluster because of the causative type of conjugation), but the variant with *e- should at least be present in PPM as facultative.

Number in DED : 905

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ēṇ-

Meaning : to accept, receive

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : ēṇba (ēṭ-) "to put forth the hand to receive, accept, accept the word of, obey"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : erhali "to hold out the hand"

Kuwi (Schulze) : ē'nai "to accept"

Tekriya Kuwi : ēṛ- "to hold out the hand"

Kuwi (Israel) : ēṇ- "to cup the hand, make cloth, etc., into a container for receiving something"

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_S ēnh'nai to receive

Notes : Forms with -h- in Kuwi_S are probably "restored" from the past tense forms.

Number in DED : 905

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : (h)ēling

Meaning : to spread out (carpet, clothes to dry, tablecloth)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 905

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