Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[p]ūHV̆́

Meaning: to blow

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *pūHV

Sino-Tibetan: *bŭ (-t)

Yenisseian: *pV(j)

Burushaski: *phu

Comments and references : HGC 37, NSC 61 *pOHwV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *pūHV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to blow, blowing

Proto-Nakh: *hu(:)p

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *puʔ-

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨ-ƛʷ-

Proto-Khinalug: pɨ

Proto-West Caucasian: *p:Vwa (~b-)

Notes: The root is obviously onomatopoeic; nevertheless, correspondences seem to be regular and the root may be safely reconstructed for PNC.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *hu(:)p

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to blow, blowing

Chechen: hup āla

Comments: Attested only in Chech., but with probable external parallels.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *puʔ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to blow

Avar: pú-jze

Akhvakh: hu-ruƛa

Tindi: pē-ʎa

Karata: puwa-ʎa

Godoberi: pu-di

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. pu-ja-q:e, Ratl. pū etc.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨ-ƛʷ- (~ -i-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to blow 1 to swell, blow up 2 to whistle

Tsezi: peƛʷa 1

Ginukh: peƛ- 2

Bezhta: püƛe-

Gunzib: puƛa

Comments: PTsKh *piƛʷ- (~-ɨ-); PGB *puƛ-.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *p:Vwa (~b-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to breathe 2 breath

Kabardian: bawa-n 1

Ubykh: bǝ́wa 2

Comments: The word is lacking in Ad. (bawa- 'to kiss' is quite a different root, despite Kuipers 14), thus *b- or *p:- may be reconstructed for PAK, and, consequently, for PWC. Despite Shagirov 1,77 the Kab. word is certainly not a Turkic loan, and the Ubykh word - not a loan from Kabardian.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *bŭ (-t)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blow, breathe

Chinese: 弗 *pǝt gust of wind.

Tibetan: ãbud (p. bus, phu(s), f. dbu, i. phu(s)) to blow, sbud bellows.

Burmese: phǝwʔ bellows.

Kachin: ǝphot² to blow in puffs.

Lushai: phuʔ to blow out of the mouth.

Comments: PG *puC^L breath, (?) *phw[ip] blow (with mouth); Kanauri phu- blow; Kham phwī to pump bellows, phōsa lung.

Chinese characters :

Character: 弗

Modern (Beijing) reading: fú

Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝt

Classic Old Chinese: pǝt

Western Han Chinese: pǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: pwǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: pwɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pwɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: pwɨt

Middle Chinese: püt

Fanqie: 夫物

Rhyme class: 物

English meaning : indicative-volitional negative: cannot, does not want to, not

Russian meaning[s]: 1) нельзя; не быть в состоянии; не желать; не; 2) американский доллар ($); 3) уст. хим. фтор, см. 氟; 4) сокр. вольт

Shuowen gloss: 橋也. 從丿. 從乀. 從韋省.

Comments: One of the OC *p-negations; see 不. Also used for *pǝt "not...it, them" (a fusion of 不 *pǝ and 之 *tǝ); although this usage is the basic one during late Zhou, it is rarely met in early texts. The character has also a homonymous reading *pǝt 'gust of wind', which may be the original meaning of the graph.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 57

Four-angle index: 4658

Karlgren code: 0500 a-c

Shijing occurrences: 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 56.1, 56.2, 56.3

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *pV(j)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to blow

Ket: ugij (Werner 2, 375: úɣij, dúɣap / du:p³, North. duɣáp-pej 'I blow')

Yug: duap-pē (Кастр.) "blasen", praet. duabīr-fē, imp. uar-fē (Werner 2, 375: fɨ 'blow', duappɨ / dugapfɨʔ 'I blow')

Kottish: śifu "to blow (inf.)"; bafujaŋ "blow", praet. balafujaŋ, imp. alfu, pass. balāfu

Comments: ССЕ 254. Werner 2, 375 *p^hi / *p^hʌʔ.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *phu

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: to blow

Hunza: phu ét-

Nagar: phu ét-

Comments: Sh. phu, Ba. phu bya, T 9101 [only Kho. phu korik, phuik; Skt. in phūtkarōti, obviously onomatopoeic]

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVHV

Meaning : to blow

Eurasiatic : *ṗuɣV

Afroasiatic : *fiʔ- (also *fiwaḫ- 1641, *fiwaḥ- 1762)

Sino-Caucasian : *[p]ūHV̆́

Amerind (misc.) : *puci 'blow' (actually *pu(w)- in many languages) (R 74) [ + A K]

African (misc.) : Bantu *-pùŋg- 'blow' (and other pu-like roots).

Reference : МССНЯ 339. The NS data from GE 16 *puci rather belongs here.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗuɣV

Meaning: to blow

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *pū- 'blow, blow up' (Pok. 847) [very dubious]

Altaic: *p`ubá-ktV 'bellows' ?

Uralic: *puwV (puɣV)

Kartvelian: *pu-

Dravidian: *poɣ- (or to *buKV?)

Eskimo-Aleut: *puju-

References: МССНЯ 339; ND 1673 *puħV 'to blow' (with incorr. TM).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`ubá-ktV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sack, bellows

Russian meaning: мешок, меха

Mongolian: *huwta

Tungus-Manchu: *putakān

Japanese: *pampuki

Comments: Poppe 12, Цинциус 1984, 52. Despite Doerfer MT 47, Rozycki 76-77, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.; but to be related, it has to go back to an earlier form like *pubta-kān.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *huwta

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: sack

Russian meaning: мешок

Written Mongolian: uɣuta, uuta (L 865)

Middle Mongolian: xuxuta (HY 20, SH), hutana (IM), ută (MA)

Khalkha: ūt

Buriat: ūta

Kalmuck: ūtǝ

Ordos: ūta

Dongxian: fuda

Baoan: fda, fuda

Shary-Yoghur: ūta ( < lit.)

Monguor: fūda (SM 101)

Comments: MGCD 395, 665.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *putakān

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: sack, bag

Russian meaning: мешок, сумка

Evenki: hutakān

Even: hụtqan

Negidal: xotakān

Literary Manchu: fintaχa

Ulcha: pụta(n)

Orok: pụta

Nanai: pōtačã

Oroch: xuta(ka)

Udighe: xuta`a (Корм. 307)

Solon: ụtxã

Comments: ТМС 2, 356. Evk. > Dolg. utaka, hutaka (see Stachowski 247).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pampuki

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: bellows

Russian meaning: мехи

Old Japanese: pabuk(j)i

Uralic etymology :

Number: 841

Proto: *puwV (*puɣV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to blow

German meaning: blasen

Mordovian: puva- (E) 'blasen, anblasen'

Mari (Cheremis): pue- (U B) 'blasen, wehen'

Khanty (Ostyak): pŏɣ- (V), pŏw- (DN) 'blasen'

Mansi (Vogul): pow- (T), pūw-, pu- (LU), puw- (So.)

Hungarian: fúj-, fú- 'blasen, anblasen, wehen', fuvall- 'sanft blasen', föl-fúvód- 'sich aufblasen'

Nenets (Yurak): pū- (O) 'blasen, wehen'

Enets (Yen): fueŋa- (Ch.), fuasa- (B) 'blasen'

Nganasan (Tawgi): fuaĺiʔé-, fuarú-

Selkup: puunga- (Ta.), puuwa- (Ke.), pūa- (Ty.)

Kamass: pшʔ- 'blasen, pusten'

Sammalahti's version: FU *puwi-

Addenda: Koib. публя; Mot. халнамъ

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *pu-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: надуваться, подниматься

English meaning: to expand, to rise

Georgian: puw-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): подниматься (о тесте); puwn- заквашивать (тесто)

Georgian meaning (Engl.): to rise (of dough); puwn- 'to leaven (dough)'

Megrel: pu-

Megrel meaning (Rus.): кипеть; pu-n- 'кипятить'

Megrel meaning (Eng.): to boil (intr.); pu-n- 'to boil (tr.)'

Svan: pw-

Svan meaning (Rus.): надуваться, подниматься; pwin-, püjn- надувать, заквашивать

Svan meaning (Eng.): to expand, rise; pwin-, püjn- 'to blow up, to leaven'

Laz: pu-; pun-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 192, EWK 361. Ср. ностр. *ṗuɣV 'дуть' (ОСНЯ: ПИЕ *pu(H), ПТМ *pū- (?), урал. *pū[ɣ]a); из картв. Иллич-Свитыч относит сюда же сван. pūl 'дуновение'.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *poɣ-

Meaning : smoke

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *pUg-ai (*-ɣ-)

Proto-Telugu : *pog-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *pog

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *poɣ-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *pUg-ai (*-ɣ-)

Meaning : smoke

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : pukai

Tamil meaning : smoke, mist, vapour, steam

Tamil derivates : (-v-, -nt-) to smoke, emit vapour or steam; (-pp-, -tt-) to cause to smoke; pukaiccal smoke; pukaippu smoking, fumigation; pukaivu smoking; pukār mist, fog, haze

Malayalam : puka

Malayalam meaning : smoke, vapour

Malayalam derivates : pukayuka to reek, look dim, be darkened by smoke; pukekka to fumigate, preserve or dry by smoke

Kannada : poge

Kannada meaning : to smoke; n. smoke, steam, vapour

Kodagu : poge

Kodagu meaning : smoke

Tulu : pugè, pogè

Tulu meaning : smoke, vapour, fume

Tulu derivates : pugeyuni to smoke; pugepuni, pogepuni to fumigate

Proto-Nilgiri : *pUg-ä

Number in DED : 4240

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *pUg-ä

Meaning : smoke, tobacco

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : peg

Toda : pax

Additional forms : Also Kota pog, pō tobacco

Notes : Kota pog is regular; Kota peg probably is a dialectal form due to umlaut.

Number in DED : 4240

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *pog-

Meaning : smoke, fume

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : poga

Dialectal forms (1) : pova

Additional forms : Also [1] pogayu, [2] povayu to smoke; [1] pogucu, [2] pogacu, (K also) [3] pogapu to smoke, fumigate, fry, season with spices; [1] pogapu, [2] pogupu frying, seasoning with spices

Number in DED : 4240

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *pog

Meaning : smoke

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : pog "smoke, tobacco"

Naikri : pog

Ollari Gadba : pog

Salur Gadba : pōgu

Kondekor Gadba : pōgu

Additional forms : Also Salur pogasur soot; Gadba_S3 pōga tobacco; pogḍ- (poguḍ-) to fill with smoke

Number in DED : 4240

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *poɣ-

Meaning : smoke

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *poj-

Konda : pogo

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *pōg-ṛi

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *poj-

Meaning : smoke; tobacco

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Gommu Gondi : poyo "smoke"

Muria Gondi : poyo "smoke"

Maria Gondi : poyo "smoke"

Seoni Gondi : poya "smoke"

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : pogo "tobacco"

Maria Gondi (Lind) : pogā "tobacco"

Adilabad Gondi : poya "smoke"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_M poī smoke; Gondi_Mu poy- to smoke (intr.); Gondi_A (Su.) poyyūs- to season (curry)

Number in DED : 4240

Number in CVOTGD : 2372, 2398

Konda etymology :

Konda : pogo

Meaning: smoke

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 4240

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *pōg-ṛi

Meaning : smoke

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Khuttia Kui : pōkaṛi

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : bhoiyi

Kuwi (Schulze) : bōi

Sunkarametta Kuwi : bōyi

Parja Kuwi : bũy

Kuwi (Mahanti) : po'kaṛi

Kuwi (Israel) : bōyĩ

Notes : The inlaut consonant was a voiced one; this is confirmed by external CDR data and explains the voicening in Kuwi. In Kui, however, the opposite happened, and so the initial consonant remained intact (remember that we do not have the proper Kui form here, but only Khuttia form).

Number in DED : 4240

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *puju-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: smoke, soot

Russian meaning: дым, сажа

Proto-Yupik: *puju-

Proto-Inupik: *puju- (-ʁa-)

Comments: Cf. KCh *puje 'cooked on vapour or fire, roasted meat, soot'.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 272

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *puju-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: smoke 1, soot 2

Russian Meaning: дым 1, сажа, копоть 2

Sirenik: //pujǝχ 2, [Vakh.] 1

Chaplino: pujúq (t) 1, 2

Naukan: pujúk 2, 1

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: pujuq 1

Chugach (Birket-Smith): pujūvaq 'cigarette'

Central Alaskan Yupik: pujuq 1

Nunivak (Peripheral): pujoq* 1, 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 272

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *pụjų- (-ʁa-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: smoke 1, steam, fog 2, to smoke, to give off smoke 3, soot 4

Russian meaning: дым 1, пар 2, дымить, коптить 3, сажа 4

Seward Peninsula Inupik: pujuq 2

SPI Dialects: W, KI pujoq* 1, 2, 4

North Alaskan Inupik: pujuq 1 (from chimney), pujuq- 3, pujuala-, putcuala- 'to make steam or smoke'

NAI Dialects: B pujoq*, pwijoq* 1, 2, 4, Qaw pujuq 1 (from chimney)

Western Canadian Inupik: pujuq- 1, pujuq- 3, pujuaʁuk 'kind of weather when powder snow in air is like smoke'

WCI Dialects: M pujoq* 'fog'

Eastern Canadian Inupik: pujuq 2, 1 (tobacco), pujuq- 'to give off steam', pujuʁaq- 'to be a light mist'

ECI Dialects: Iti pujuʁaq, pujuqqiq 'light mist'

Greenlandic Inupik: pujuq (pujoq*) 1, 2, 'mist', pujū̆ʁ- 3, pujuʁak 'frost smoke', puju(ʁ)alak 'dust'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 272

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *fiʔ-

Meaning: blow

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *pVʔVy- 'blow off'

Western Chadic: *fiH- 'blow' 1, 'dry' 2, 'blow nose' 3

Central Chadic: *faH- 'blow'

South Cushitic: *fiʔ-/*fuʔ- 'catch one's breath, rest' 1, 'sniff, snuff up' 2

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1070

Proto-Semitic: *pVʔVy-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'blow off'

Hebrew: pʔy

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *fiʔ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'blow' 1, 'dry' 2, 'blow nose' 3

Sura: fii 1,2 [JgS]

Angas: fii 1, 2 [Fl]

Dera=Kanakuru: pḗ 3 [NmK]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *fa/iH-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'blow'

Tera: pi [Nm]

Bura: fia [Ann]

Mofu-Gudur: -f-́ [BMof]

Gisiga: fe [LGis]

Mada: évè [BMad]

Daba: ʔùf [CLR: 33]

Gude: ufi [CLR: 33]

Logone: fa [CLR]

Buduma=Yedina: pha, fá [CLR]

Zime-Batna: fóʔó [Sa]

Notes: -v- < -f- in Mada, met. in Daba and Gude. Also C 12 *foʔ- 'to blow' [Sy: 48] , tha latter ma go to *fwḥ- (HSED813)

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *fiʔ-/*fuʔ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'catch one's breath, rest' 1, 'sniff, snuff up' 2

Asa-Aramanic: fuʔ-it- 1

Qwadza (Ngomvia): fiʔ- 2

Notes: Secondary *-u-.

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