Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: =ŏƛ̣V́

Meaning: upper part of body; handle

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *bŭƛ̣V ( ~ w-)

Yenisseian: *ʔuĺ- (~x-) (also *d-uĺ-)

Burushaski: *bal-, *-wálda

Basque: *-ba[r]da

Comments and references : ? Cf. PST *l[e]ŋ `handle'. [DCE 3 compares Bur. -walda with PC *boLo `neck' which is also not excluded].

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bŭƛ̣V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: upper part of body; handle

Proto-Nakh: *baŁ- ( ~ -l-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *buƛ̣V ( ~ -l-)

Proto-Tsezian: *buƛ̣V

Proto-West Caucasian: *P(ǝ)ƛ̣́V

Notes: Correspondences are regular. Abdokov's (1983, 79) comparison of the WC forms with PEC *wĕnƛ̣V 'head; horn' seems less probable.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *baŁ- ( ~ -l-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shoulder 2 shoulders

Chechen: bel-š 1

Ingush: bel-až 1

Batsbi: bali 2

Comments: 4th class in Chech., Ing., 3d class in Bacb. The Bacb. form is attested only in Kadagidze's dictionary, thus in PN both *-Ł- and *-l- are possible. The Chech.-Ing. form (cf. also Pharch. belǝž, Cheb. bališ, Shar. beliš etc.) is an historical plural. Another suffixed form (built from the same root) is *bal-Vm > Chech. bolam 'shoulder (from neck to arm), Ing. balam 'shoulder'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *buƛ̣V ( ~ -l-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: handle (of dagger)

Chamalal: bula

Comments: Attested only in Cham., but with probable external parallels.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *buƛ̣V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: handle

Khvarshi: biƛ̣a (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: bɨƛ̣a

Bezhta: buƛ̣o

Gunzib: buƛ̣u

Comments: PTsKh *b[ɨ]ƛ̣a; PGB *buƛ̣u. In PTsKh. -ɨ- is probably < *-u- by dissimilation.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *P(ǝ)ƛ̣́V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 upper part of back 2 chest, breast

Adyghe: ṗƛ̣a 1

Kabardian: ṗƛ̣a 1

Ubykh: ṗƛ̣ǝ-fá 2

Comments: PAK *ṗƛ̣a. Ub. has a compound with -fa 'front' (see Shagirov 2, 48). Despite Shagirov ibid., the root has of course nothing to do with PWC *Pǝƛ̣́ǝ 'four'.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔuĺ- (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: shaft, handle

Ket: ūĺ, pl. -eŋ¹ (North. ūĺe¹)

Yug: ūĺ, pl. -eŋ¹

Comments: ССЕ 200. Werner 1, 210 *ul'ǝ.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *bal-, *-wálda

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 place between the shoulders 2 back of the shoulders, upper part of the back 3 back

Yasin: -wáldes 3

Hunza: bálbal 1, bál-gićiŋ 2, -wáldas 3

Nagar: bábal 1, bálgićaŋ 2, -wáldas 3

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *-ba[r]da

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shoulder 2 middle part of a pig (loin)

Gipuzkoan: sorbalda 1

Lapurdian: sorbalda 1

Baztanese: sorbalda 2

Comments: It is difficult to determine the precise local provenience of this word. Azkue cites it as "common" and cites texts by F.I. Lardizabal (Gipuzkoan: 19th c.) and P.A. Axular (Lapurdian: 17th c.). Trask cites a variant solbarda (EDB), with the liquids in reverse order. Other Bsq dialects use various words for 'shoulder', e.g. ZBR suñ, suñhegi (see *śoin), BZK and GIP sorburu ('head of body'), etc. 'shoulder'. The expected Bsq form is *barda, dissimilated in the compound as sor-balda, or differently as sol-barda. *śor- is considered a stem variant of *śoin (q.v.).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVLV

Meaning : upper part of body; handle

Sino-Caucasian : =ŭƛ̣V́

Austric : PAN *pulu 'handle'

Notes : Cf. PVLNV?

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