Sino-Caucasian etymology : List with all references

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. In Darg. the root is preserved only within the derivate *ʕʷan-c̣(a) 'deaf' ( = "earless", with the privative suffix -c̣(a)). In PA and PC the root obtained suffixes (resp. *-di and *-χa); although their meaning is not quite clear, there is no doubt that the roots are comparable.

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *ħandi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ear

Avar: ʕin

Chadakolob: ʕin

Andian language: hanṭiḳa

Akhvakh: hãde

Chamalal: anna

Tindi: hanḳ́iṭa

Karata: hanṭiḳa

Botlikh: hanṭuḳa

Bagvalal: haḳ́iṭa

Comments: Av. paradigm A (ʕín-zul, ʕún-dul; Chad. ʕín-dul, ʕína-l). In PA we have a suffixed form *ħan-di (reflected directly in Akhv. and Cham.); other languages, however, reflect the further diminutive suffixation *ħandi-ḳa (cf. Kar. Tok. handiḳ́a) with assimilation *-d- > -ṭ- in most languages.

With a privative suffix the root is present in a derivate *ħan-q̇:V- / *ħandi-q̇:V- 'deaf': Av. ʕínq̇:a-, Chad. ʕínq̇:a-, Cham. Gig. hãq̇:u-l, Akhv. hãdeloq̇:e-, Tind. handiq̇:u-. Av. > Bezht. Tlad., Gunz. ʕenq̇ab, Bezht. Khosh. enq̇ab, perhaps also Arch. eInk-du (although the Archi velar is rather strange).

Finally, the same root is present in the compound Av. ʕen-ék:- = And. an-č:i-, Tind. an-ix́:- 'to listen' ("ear" + "catch, hold"; Cham. Gig. ʕenax-id- id. should be rather considered as borrowed from Avar, as well as Bezht. Tlad. ʕenekzi =aq- id.).

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-comment,

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Tsezian etymology :

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Proto-Tsezian: *ʔãχa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ear

Tsezi: aħja

Ginukh: aχχa

Khvarshi: ãhĩ

Inkhokvari: aĨha

Bezhta: äʁä

Gunzib: ãʁa

Comments: PTsKh *ʔãχija, PGB *ʔãʁa. Historical analysis shows that *-χa must be a suffix (plural?).

cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *ʕʷan-c̣(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: deaf

Akusha: ʕaInc̣a

Comments: Cf. also Ur. ʕʷanc̣, Kub. ħunc̣.

darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔIam:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ear

Lezghian: jab

Tabasaran: ib

Agul: ibur

Rutul: ubur

Kryz: ibɨr

Budukh: ibir

Archi: oj

Udi: imuχ

Comment: The Rut., Kryz., Bud. and Ud. forms are historical plurals (with -Vr and -uχ). The Archi form is also a result of a secondary reinterpretation of the form *jam (< *ʔIam:) as a plural; a new singular form *ja had been built and later yielded (quite regularly) Arch. oj. Note that an analogous thing happened also in Udi, where there exists a noun i 'hearing' (and the verb i-baksun 'to hear').The old "plural" form (but already refigured according to the singular) is preserved in Arch. ojom 'ears'.

See Лексика 1971, 126; Гигинейшвили 1977, 116; Талибов 1980, 274.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nǝ̆H

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ear

Chinese: 耳 *nhǝʔ ear.

Tibetan: rna ear.

Burmese: nah ear, LB *[n]ax ear, *sna to hear.

Kachin: na¹ the ear.

Lushai: KC *k-Na.

Lepcha: njor, a-njor ear, hon. njăn

Kiranti: *ńǝ

Comments: Thangkur khǝna ear; PG *na^L; BG: Garo na-tśil, Dimasa khana to hear; Moshang, Namsangia na; Rawang ǝna, Trung a³-na²; Kadu kǝnà, Bhramu kǝna. Simon 14; Sh. 38, 123, 430; Ben. 113; Luce 4.

stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,

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Chinese characters :

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Character: 耳

Modern (Beijing) reading: ěr

Preclassic Old Chinese: nhǝʔ

Classic Old Chinese: nǝ́

Western Han Chinese: nǝ́

Eastern Han Chinese: ń́ǝ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: ń́ɨ́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ́

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ́

Middle Chinese: ńɨ́

English meaning : ear

Russian meaning[s]: 1) ухо; слышать; на ухо; 2) ушко (ручка) предмета; 3) расположенный по бокам, боковой; [-er] и только!, и все!, только и всего!, не более как; конечная частица в вэньяне

Shuowen gloss: 主聽者也.象形.凡耳之屬皆從耳. [591]

Comments: For initial *nh- cf. Min forms: Xiamen hi⁶, Chaozhou hĩ⁴, Fuzhou ŋe⁶, Jianou nɛiŋ⁶, nɛiŋ⁸. The character is used also for OC *n(h)ǝ(ʔ)-s, MC ńɨ̀ 'sinew', written also as 餌.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 128

Four-angle index: 2671

Vietnamese reading: nhĩ

Jianchuan Bai: jɨ̃1-

Dali Bai: ńü1-

Bijiang Bai: ẽ1-

Shijing occurrences: 3.1, 37.4_, 55.2

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,

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Chinese Dialects :

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Number: 295

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 耳

MC description : 止開三上止日

ZIHUI: 5101 0526

Beijing: ǝ̂ 2

Jinan: ǝ̂ 2

Xi'an: ǝ̂ 2

Taiyuan: ǝ̂ 2

Hankou: ɨ 2

Chengdu: ǝ̂ 2

Yangzhou: â 2

Suzhou: l 12

Wenzhou: zi_ 12 (lit.); ŋ 12

Changsha: ô 2

Shuangfeng: ie 2

Nanchang: з̂ 2

Meixian: ńi 2

Guangzhou: ji 22

Xiamen: ʒi 2 (lit.); ʒĩ 2

Chaozhou: hĩ 22

Fuzhou: ŋi 2

Shanghai: ɦǝ̂ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: ži_ 2

doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

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Kiranti etymology :

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Proto-Kiranti: *ńǝ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: ear

Sunwar: 'nophā

Tulung: nokphla, nǝphla, nophla

Kaling: ŋeco (probably < *ŋöcö)

Limbu: nephāk (cf. also nekkhohī ear-wax)

Dumi: ŋico

Kulung: nɔbɔ

Yamphu: näʔäk

Comments: Toba 89 *nophlo. The root is attested in comp. *ńǝ-phlak, *ńǝ-c₁ǝ; the meaning of -phlak is unclear.

kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-dum,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,

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Limbu dictionary :

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Entry: nɛghɔʔ, nɛkhɔʔ

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: nɛkhɔʔ

Meaning: -nghɔʔ n., ear.

limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,

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Dumi dictionary :

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Entry: Nitso

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: ear

Nepali: kān.

Derivation: [also attested in Sasarkā, allofam of Nyi:nɨ 'hear']

dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-nepali,dumet-dercomm,

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Kulung dictionary :

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Entry: nɔbɔ

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: ear

Nepali: kān.

kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,

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Yamphu dictionary :

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Entry: näʔäk

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: ear.

Nepali: kān

yamet-prnum,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-nepali,

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Yenisseian etymology :

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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔɔgde / *ʔɔqtV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ear

Ket: ɔgde⁵, pl. -n⁶ "ear"; ɔqtǝn⁶, pl. ɔqtɨnǝŋ⁵ "ear-ring"

Yug: ɔgdɔnɨŋ⁶ "ear-rings"; ɔxtɨŋ⁶, pl. ɔxtɨŋɨn⁵ "ear"

Arin: utḱenóŋ (Срсл.) "ears" (aures); utq́ȫnoŋ (М., Сл., Кл.) id.; uskuj (Лоск.) id.

Pumpokol: átkin (Сл., Срсл.) "ear"

Comments: ССЕ 198. Werner 2, 31 (doubts the attribution of the Arin and Pumpokol forms, which I think is unquestionable). Historically the PY form is a compound *ʔɔ(N)+gde ( = PA *ħan-ṭiḳa / *ħan-ḳiṭa "ear"). In Kottish the word for "ear" has been replaced by a Turkic loanword kalōx, but we should note the word for earring: āpal / āpul. Here the second part is obviously PY *puʔl 'round', but the first part may reflect the archaic primary root for 'ear'.

yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : HVNV

Meaning : ear

Sino-Caucasian : *ʕwănʕV̆

Notes : Parallels outside SC unknown.

globet-meaning,globet-scc,globet-notes,

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