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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *konko-r̄
Meaning: 1 hump, knob 2 joint (of bones) 3 hunchbacked
Bizkaian: konkor 3
Gipuzkoan: konkor 3
High Navarrese: konkor, kunkur 1
Low Navarrese: konkor, kunkur 1
Lapurdian: konkor 1
Baztanese: kunkur 1
Zuberoan: konkor, kunkur 1
Roncalese: kunkur 1, 2
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xq̇ăm(x)q̇(w)á̆ (~ -ǝ̆)
Meaning: joint; to bend
Comments and references : LV A23, LDC 43, FDCP 2. In ST cf. also *khʷǝ̆ŋ (~ghʷ-,qhʷ-) 'vaulted, crooked'.
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *q̇ămq̇(w)ă (~ -ǝ̆)
Meaning: knee, leg-bone
Notes: Correspondences are regular. The comparison seems fully reliable.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ʷãq̇u
Meaning: tubular bone
Tsezi: q̇aInq̇u
Ginukh: q̇aq̇u
Comments: PTsKh *q̇ʷãq̇u. Some Tsez. dialects have lost the nasalisation, cf. Kid. q̇ʷaIq̇u.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *q̇ʷaq̇ʷa
Meaning: knee
Akusha: q̇uq̇a
Chiragh: q̇uq̇a
Comments: Cf. also Ur., Kub. q̇uq̇a, Kait. q̇ʷaq̇, Tsud. q̇ʷaq̇a. Interesting is the Kad. form q̇unq̇a, probably preserving the archaic nasal resonant.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *q̇amq̇
Meaning: knee
Tabasaran: q̇amq̇
Agul: q̇ʷaq̇ʷ
Rutul: q̇waq̇
Comment: Obl. base *q̇amq̇a- (cf. Ag. Fit. q̇ʷaq̇ʷa-, Rut. q̇ʷaq̇a-). 3d class in Rut. See Лексика 1971, 114.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *q̇ʷaq̇ʷa
Meaning: hip-bones
Abkhaz: a-q̇ʷáq̇ʷa
Abaza: q̇ʷaq̇ʷa
Comments: PAT *q̇ʷaq̇ʷa.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kŭk
Meaning: bend
Tibetan: ãgug(s) (p. bgug, f. dgug, i. khug) to bend; khug(s) corner, nook, creek, bay.
Burmese: kauk be crooked, not straight, LB *kukx; khauk to fold, double.
Kachin: mǝgoʔ2, lǝgoʔ2, guʔ3 be bent.
Lepcha: kŭk to bow, to bend down, to incline downwards, lean forward to to bow the head
Comments: Trung dǝ1-gɔʔ1 be crooked; Bahing guk be bent, kuk make bent. Ben. 125. Cf. *khjŏk. Cf. also Naga *kok 'knee'. stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lepcha,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 鞠
Modern (Beijing) reading: jū
Preclassic Old Chinese: kuk
Classic Old Chinese: kuk
Western Han Chinese: kǝuk
Eastern Han Chinese: kǝuk
Early Postclassic Chinese: kɨuk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kuk
Late Postclassic Chinese: kuk
Middle Chinese: kük
English meaning : be exhausted, exhaustive
Russian meaning[s]: 1) сгибать, гнуть; кланяться; 2) футбольный мяч; футбол; 3) выкармливать, воспитывать, выращивать; 4) расследовать, разбирать; 5) молодой; малолетний; 6) Цзюй (фамилия)
Comments: Also read *guk, MC gük (FQ 渠竹) id.; used also for a homonymous *kuk / *guk 'to nourish'.
Radical: 177
Four-angle index: 4354
Karlgren code: 1017 h
Shijing occurrences: 35.5_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVNV
Meaning : to bend
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,globet-austr,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳVŋV
Meaning: bend
Uralic: Sam. *kuŋkь 'curve, bend'
Comments: Cf. also (possibly a different root): PA *gḕnŋa 'bend', Ur. *kaŋa(-rV) 'bow, bow-shaped'
References: ND 1091 *[ḳ]un̄igU 'to bend, incline, bow' (IE *kneigʷh- : Alt. + Drav. *gūn_-). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *kang-
Meaning: hooked stick
Celtic: MIr al-chaing `a rack for hanging-up arms'
Russ. meaning: палка с крючком
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *xankō, *xankēn, *xankila-z, *xunk=
Meaning: hook, hooked stick
Old Norse: hɔnk f. `Henkel, Ring', hanki m. `Ring, Handgriff, Henkel'
Norwegian: honk; hanke
Old Swedish: hanke
Swedish: hank
Danish: hank; hanke
Middle Dutch: honc `hoek'
Middle Low German: hank `Henkel'
German: Henkel m.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oswed,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-mdutch,germet-mlg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 863
Root: keg-, keng- und kek-, kenk-
English meaning: hook, grappling hook. handle
German meaning: `Pflock zum Aufhängen, Haken, Henkel'; auch `spitz sein'
General comments: vgl. das ähnliche k̂ak-, k̂ank-; und k̂enk-, k̂onk-
Material: Npers. čang `Klaue, Faust' (*kengo-); mir. ail-cheng f. `Rechen, Waffengestell' (: lit. kéngė, s. unten);
germ. *hakan-, *hōka-, *hēkan- m. `Haken' in: aisl. PN Haki m. `Haken', haka f. `Kinn', ags. haca m. `Riegel', hæcce f. `Krummstab'; aisl. hākr m. `Frechling', ahd. hāko, hāggo `Haken', ags. hōc m. `Haken', mnd. hok, huk m. `Winkel, Ecke, Vorgebirge', aisl. høkja f. (*hōkiōn-) `Krücke', høkill m. `Hinterbug'; mit intensiver Gemination: ags. haccian `hacken', mnd., mhd. hacken ds., und die j-Verba: ags. ofhæccan `amputare', ahd. hecchen `beißen, stechen', mhd. hecken `hauen, stechen'; nasaliert mnd. hank `Henkel' (daraus aisl. hǫnk m., hanki f. `Henkel'), ndl. honk, ostfries. hunk `Pfahl, Pfosten';
germ. *hakilō f. `Hechel' (von den gekrümmten Eisenzähnen) in: asächs. hekilon `hecheln', engl. hatchel, mhd. hechel `Hechel', norw. hekla `Hechel, Stoppel';
germ. *hakuda- m. `Hecht' (nach den spitzen Zähnen) in ags. hacod; *hakida in ags. hacid m., ahd. hachit, hechit, mnd. heket `Hecht';
lit. kéngė f. `Haken, Klinke';
slav. *kogъtь m. in russ. kógotь `Klaue, gekrümmte Eisenspitze', osorb. kocht `Dorn, Stachel' (: germ. *hakuda-);
vielleicht hierher, als `auf einen Haken hinaufhängen, wie mit einem Haken kratzen, reizen': bulg. káčъ, káč(u)vam `erhebe, erhöhe, hänge', za-káčъ, -káčam `hänge, fasse, necke', serb. zàkačiti `anhaken', sloven. káčiti `necken, ärgern' (Berneker 465 f.).
References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307, Trautmann 112, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 182 f., Petersson, Heterokl. 91 f.; Stokes BB. 25, 252.
Pages: 537-538
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯úŋu
Meaning: to bend, bow
Russian meaning: гнуть, наклонять
Comments: TM and Jpn. forms reflect a velar suffix (or partial reduplication). One of several similar roots which are sometimes difficult to distinguish: cf. *gék`á, *gŭ̀k`a, *k`ōki. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Kɨŋ-
Meaning: bent, oblique
Russian meaning: согнутый, косой
Old Turkic: qɨŋɨr (OUygh.)
Tatar: qɨŋɣɨr
Uzbek: qiŋɣir
Uighur: qiŋi(r)
Turkmen: Gɨŋɨr
Yakut: kɨŋnar 'криво, косо'
Kirghiz: qɨŋɨr
Kazakh: qɨŋɨr
Bashkir: qɨŋɨr (dial.)
Balkar: qɨŋɨr
Karaim: qɨŋɣɨr
Karakalpak: qɨŋɨr
Kumyk: qɨŋɨr
Comments: VEWT 264-265, EDT 639, ЭСТЯ 6, 220-221. OT qɨŋraq 'curved dagger' > WMong. kiɣira, kiŋgara (Kalm. kīrǝ, Khalkha x́aŋgar). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-trm,turcet-jak,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *kiji- / *keje-
Meaning: oblique, slanting
Russian meaning: косой, наклонный
Written Mongolian: keje-ge (L 445), kiji-ǯaŋ Khalkha: xejeg; xejede-, xejele- (v.)
Kalmuck: kīzŋ
Comments: KW 235. There also exists a synonymous WMong. variant geji-, geje- (Kh. geje-de-, geje-le-, Kalm. gī). Voiced *g- here is probably due to the influence of another synonymous root, *gek- (v. sub *gék`á). monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-kal,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xuŋke- / *kuŋke-
Meaning: to bow
Russian meaning: кланяться, наклоняться
Evenki: uŋkē-
Negidal: keŋket-
Spoken Manchu: xeŋkilǝ-, xiŋkili- 'to kowtow' (1446)
Literary Manchu: xeŋgile-
Jurchen: keŋ-ke-le-mij (751)
Ulcha: keŋkele-
Nanai: keŋkele-
Udighe: xeŋki-
Comments: ТМС 2, 278-279. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-neg,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-chu,tunget-ulc,tunget-nan,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kúnkúm-
Meaning: be curved, bent
Russian meaning: быть кривым, изогнутым
Middle Japanese: kugum-, kúgúmar-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-comments,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kōṇ-
Meaning : 1 corner 2 crooked
Proto-South Dravidian: *kōṇ dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *kōṇ
Meaning : corner; crooked
Tamil : kōṇ
Tamil meaning : crookedness, angle, crossness of disposition
Tamil derivates : kōṇu (kōṇi-) to be bent, curved, be crooked, deviate, be perverse; kōṇam curve, curvature, scimitar, angle, corner; kōṇal obliquity, hump, crookedness (as of mind); kōṇan_ humpback; kōṇai curvature, crookedness, cruelty; kuṇaku (kuṇaki-) to become bent, crooked; kuṇakku (kuṇakki-) to bend (tr.); n. crookedness, curvature, crossness; kuṇalai bending of the body through bashfulness; kuṇukku (kuṇukki-) to bend (tr.)
Malayalam : kōṇ
Malayalam meaning : corner, angle
Malayalam derivates : kōṇuka to bend (intr.); kōṇam corner; kōṇi corner of a piazza
Kannada : kōṇ, kōṇa, kōṇe, kōna
Kannada meaning : angle, corner
Tulu : kōṇa, kōṇè
Tulu meaning : angle, corner
Tulu derivates : kōŋgaṇṇụ a squint eye
Notes : PN *g- irregular; has to be explained yet.
Number in DED : 2209
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-notes,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *gōṇ
Meaning : corner of room
Kota : gōṇ
Number in DED : 2209
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *kōṇ-
Meaning : angle, corner
Telugu : kōṇamu
Additional forms : Also kōna corner
Number in DED : 2209
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kōn- (*-ṇ-)
Meaning : corner
Poya Gadba : kōne
Number in DED : 2209
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-poya,kogaet-dednum,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *kUŋ
Meaning: bent, curved
Proto-Austroasiatic: *kɔŋ Austroasiatic meaning: bent, curved
Proto-Austronesian: *beŋkuŋ, *-kuŋ
Austronesian meaning: bent, curve, arch
Proto-Thai: gɔ:ŋ.C CK
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *kɔŋ
Meaning: bent, curved
Thai: gɔ:ŋ.C CK
Proto-Monic: TP ko:ŋ
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kmr,aaet-mon,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: kuŋ
Meaning: curve; kaoŋ be curved, bent
Old Khmer: kuŋ
Old Khmer Meaning: curve, crooked
References: P102, JP11, JP21
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,
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