Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *liḳam-/*liḳim-

Meaning: eat, swallow

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *lVḳam- 'swallow, eat, gobble (a mouthful)'

East Chadic: *ligam- 'eat soft food'

Low East Cushitic: (?) *liḳim- 'swallow'

Notes: Derived from *lVḳ- 'lick'.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1801

Proto-Semitic: *lVḳam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'swallow, eat, gobble (a mouthful)'

Arabic: lqm [-a-]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *ligam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'eat soft food'

Tumak: lagǝm [Cp]

Kabalai: liyǝ́m [CLR: 121]

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *liḳim-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'swallow'

Oromo (Galla): liqim-s-

Notes: An Arabism?

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : LVKV

Meaning : to swallow

Eurasiatic : *L[ü]ḳa

Afroasiatic : *liḳam-/*liḳim-

Sino-Caucasian : *ɫV́xGwV

Reference : ND 1286.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *L[ü]ḳa

Meaning: to swallow

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *lawǝk- / -e-

Kartvelian: Georg. luḳm- 'eat with appetite'

Dravidian: Tamil-Malayalam *nUgar- 'to enjoy; to swallow' (SDR 3100)

Comments: Cf. *laḳV

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *lawǝk- / -e-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: throat, stomach

Old Greek: lau̯kaníǟ f. `Kehle'

Slavic: *lɨ̄kātī, *lъkā́tī глотать

Baltic: *pa=leûk-ia- c., *pa=leûk-iā̃ f.

Russ. meaning: глотка, живот

References: WP II 380

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *pa=leûk-ia- c., *pa=leûk-iā̃ f.

Meaning: belly (ot the animals)

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: pa-liáuki-s `Wamme (подгрудок) beim Hornvieh', paliaukī̃-s `id.', pl. paliaukiaĩ `Rotlauf (bei Schweinen), Bräunen, Schweinetyphus', paliáukēs `Doppelkinn' { palaũkos `die Wamme der Rindes' WP: у Френкеля palaũkis falsche Schreibung für paliáukis `Wamme beim Hornvieh', s. s. v. liaukà }

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɫV́xGwV

Meaning: to swallow

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *HVlG_wV(l)

Sino-Tibetan: *lɨ̆k

Yenisseian: *doʔq ( ~ -χ)

Burushaski: *lik

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *HVlG_wV(l)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to swallow

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *HVrq̇:-

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔaHʷ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔVlq(I):ʷVl-

Notes: The root is expressive, and similar to several other EC roots (cf. *HVq̇_Vr 'to drink', *=Hoq̇_V 'to sink', *=HVq̇_wVn 'to swallow'). The Darg. form is somewhat dubious (the PD reconstruction is not certain, and unclear is the loss of *-l-conjugation); still the Avar and Lezgian forms have to be separated from other similar roots.

    There can be also reconstructed an expressive noun *G_HwVlṭV 'a gulp, mouthful' - very probably derived from *HV_lGwVl, with an expressive suffix *-ṭV. Cf. PN *q̇urṭ / *q̇orṭ (Chech., Ing. q̇urd, Bacb. q̇orṭ, q̇lorṭ), Lak. q̇Iulṭ, Darg. Chir. ʁIurṭ.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *HVrq̇:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to swallow a mouthful (of water)

Avar: ʕurq̇:-

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔaHʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to swallow

Akusha: aIʕʷ-/ iʕʷ- (Ur.)

Comments: Attested only in Ur., thus there are several possibilities of reconstructing the final consonant in PD (*ʁ(I)ʷ, *ʕʷ, *hIʷ).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔVlq(I):ʷVl-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to swallow

Kryz: ʕa=ʁul-

Budukh: ʕa=ʁul-

Comment: A Shakhdagh isogloss (but having possible external parallels).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lɨ̆k

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eat, swallow

Chinese: 食 *lǝk eat.

Burmese: kjǝuk to swallow liquid.

Kachin: luʔ² to drink.

Lushai: luʔ to eat out (a pot etc.).

Comments: Nasalised *lɨ̆ŋ is probably reflected in Sulung *liŋ, Bodo *lǝŋ, Konyak *lVŋ 'drink'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 食

Modern (Beijing) reading: shí

Preclassic Old Chinese: lǝk

Classic Old Chinese: lǝk

Western Han Chinese: lǝk

Eastern Han Chinese: źǝk

Early Postclassic Chinese: źɨk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: źɨk

Late Postclassic Chinese: źɨk

Middle Chinese: źik

English meaning : to eat

Russian meaning[s]: 1) пища, еда; питание; есть, питаться; кормиться; 2) ист. кормление, содержание (чиновника); 3) затмение (солнца, луны); 4) растравлять; возбуждать; 5) нарушать; 6) Ши (фамилия); [sì] кормить

Comments: Also read *lhǝk-s, MC zjɨ̀ (FQ JY 祥吏) 'to feed, give to eat' (later usually written as 飼 in that meaning).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 184

Four-angle index: 5787

Karlgren code: 0921 a-c

Jianchuan Bai: (-cɛ6), jɨ6

Dali Bai: (-ci6), jɨ6

Bijiang Bai: ji4

Shijing occurrences: 18.1, 18.2_, 18.3, 58.2, 58.4

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 871

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 食

MC description : 曾開三入職船

ZIHUI: 7380 0496

Beijing: ṣî_ 12

Jinan: ṣî_ 12

Xi'an: ṣî_ 12

Taiyuan: sǝʔ 42

Hankou: si_ 12

Chengdu: si_ 12

Yangzhou: sǝʔ 4

Suzhou: zôʔ 42

Wenzhou: zei 42

Changsha: ṣî_ 4

Shuangfeng: ṣî_ 31

Nanchang: sǝt 41

Meixian: sǝt 42

Guangzhou: šîk 42

Xiamen: sîk 42 (lit.); sit 42 (lit.); ciaʔ 41

Chaozhou: ciaʔ 42

Fuzhou: siʔ 42; sieʔ 42

Shanghai: zaʔ 42

Zhongyuan yinyun: ši 41

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *doʔq ( ~ -χ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to eat (smb.); to burn (trans.)

Ket: -dɔq (-rɔq)

Yug: -dɔχ, dɔʔχ

Comments: Werner 1, 200, 203-204 (w. r.).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *lik

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: to eat without appetite

Yasin: lik

Hunza: lik

Nagar: lik

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