Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *(nV-)kič-

Meaning: bite

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *nVkVt_- 'bite'

Berber: *(nV-)kVš- 'eat, bite'

Western Chadic: *n-gaS- (voicing in contact) 'to bite'

Central Chadic: *kuč- / *n-gač- 'bite off'

High East Cushitic: *kis- 'bite'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1700

Proto-Semitic: *nVkVt_-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bite'

Aramaic: Pal nkt

Syrian Aramaic: nkt

Mandaic Aramaic: nkt

Geʕez (Ethiopian): nakkasa

Tigre: näkša

Tigrai (Tigriñña): näk_äsä

Amharic: näkkäsä

Argobba: näkkäsa

Gafat: näkkäsä

Notes: Prefix *nV-

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *(nV-)kVš-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'eat, bite'

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): ǝkš

Taneslemt: nǝkš

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *n-gaS- (voicing in contact)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: to bite

Zaar: ngas [CLR]

Buli: ngàs [CLR]

Wangday: ngaasi [CLR]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kuč- / *n-gač-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bite (off)'

Malgwa: kúča [Lr]

Daba: ngač [Lnhr]

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *kis-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bite'

Sidamo: kis-

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVCV

Meaning : bite, tear

Eurasiatic : *ḳVCV

Afroasiatic : *(nV-)kič-

Amerind (misc.) : *ḳica ~ *kasi 'thorn; bite' (R 751)

Notes : One of many similar roots of this type; all have to be sorted out.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳV[ǯ]V

Meaning: to tear, rip

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *k`ĕǯa ( ~ -o)

Uralic: *kečV (cf. also *kačka , *kačka)

Kartvelian: ? Georg. ḳac̣r-, ḳac̣wr- 'to scratch'

Dravidian: *kac-

Comments: Expected *-ǯ- in Kartv.

References: ND 849 *kEč̣[U] ~ *k[ü]č̣[U] 'knife' (Ural. + incorr. TM + some Chad. and Bj. + Georg. kič̣o < NC). Cf. *ḳVCV. ?Cf. also Kartv. *ḳwec-, *q̇wec- 'to cut' (in ND 992 *ḳUćV ~ *q̇- 'to shorten by cutting', as well as 998 *ḳUc̣V 'to cut/chop into small pieces' - but in fact with no comparanda).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`ĕǯa ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rip, tear apart

Russian meaning: раздирать, разрывать

Turkic: *Kajɨra-

Mongolian: *kaǯa-

Tungus-Manchu: *xeǯe-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kajɨra-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to whet, sharpen 2 to rub teeth

Russian meaning: 1 точить, заострять 2 тереть зубами

Turkish: kajra- (dial.)

Tatar: qajra- 2

Uzbek: qajra- 2

Uighur: qɛjrɛ- 2

Turkmen: Gajra- 1

Khakassian: xajɨra- 1

Oyrat: qaira- 2

Chuvash: xъjra- 2 (Anatri)

Kirghiz: qajra- 2

Kazakh: qajra- 2

Noghai: qajra- 2

Bashkir: qajra- 2

Karakalpak: qajra- 2

Comments: ЭСТЯ 5, 205. The Turk. derivative *kajɨrak 'whetstone' > Mong. qajiraɣ, see TMN 3, 568-569. Cf. also Kaz., Tat. qajau 'notch', Tur. qajaɣan 'whetstone' (R 2, 90) and Yak. xajgɨa, xojguo 'notch'; Yak. xaja, Dolg. kaja '(to tear) apart', Yak. xajɨt- 'to break, tear apart', Dolg. kajɨt- id., kajɨn- (itr.) (see Stachowski 133, 134, 135).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kaǯa-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to bite

Russian meaning: кусать

Written Mongolian: qaǯa- (L 947)

Middle Mongolian: qaǯa- (SH)

Khalkha: xaʒa-

Buriat: xaza-

Kalmuck: xaz- (КРС)

Ordos: xaǯa-

Dongxian: qaǯa- (MGCD Gaǯa-)

Dagur: xaǯi-

Shary-Yoghur: Gaǯa-

Monguor: Gaʒ́a- (SM 117)

Comments: MGCD 316, 350. Mong. > Kirgh. qaǯa- etc. (ЭСТЯ 5, 183); > Manchu qaǯa- 'to break with the teeth' (Rozycki 130). Mong. qaǯaɣur 'tongs' > Man. xaǯun 'weapon', see Doerfer MT 144.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xeǯe-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to rip, unrip

Russian meaning: пороть, распарывать

Evenki: eǯe-

Even: eǯ-

Negidal: eǯe-

Ulcha: xeǯe-li-, xeǯe-če-

Orok: xede-či-

Nanai: xeǯē- (intr.) (Он.)

Oroch: eǯe-ti-

Udighe: eǯe-si-

Comments: ТМС 2, 439.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 278

Proto: *kečV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: knife

German meaning: Messer

Mari (Cheremis): kǝzǝ (KB), küzö (U B), küźü (M) 'Messer'

Khanty (Ostyak): köčǝɣ (V), kečǝ (DN), kesi (O)

Mansi (Vogul): kǟsi (KU), kasaj (So.)

Hungarian: kés

Sammalahti's version: *käči

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kac-

Meaning : to bite, sting

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kac-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kac-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kac-

Proto-North Dravidian : *qas-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kac-

Meaning : to bite

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kaccu (kacci-)

Tamil meaning : to bite, gnaw, nibble (nursery)

Kannada : kaccu, karcu

Kannada meaning : to bite, sting, smart, ache (as the stomach), bite (as pepper); n. biting, a bite, incision

Kannada derivates : kaccike biting

Tulu : kaccuni

Tulu meaning : to bite

Proto-Nilgiri : *kac-

Number in DED : 1097

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kac-

Meaning : to bite

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Toda : koc- (koč-)

Number in DED : 1097

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kac-

Meaning : to bite, sting

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kinwat Kolami : kacc- "to bite"

Parji : kacc-

Ollari Gadba : kas- "to bite"

Salur Gadba : kacc- "to sting"

Number in DED : 1097

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kac-

Meaning : to bite, sting

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kac-

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kac-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kac-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *kac-

Meaning : to gnash, bite

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : kaccānā "to gnash the teeth"

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : kaccānā "to gnash the teeth"

Koya Gondi : kac-, kas- "to bite"

Yeotmal Gondi : kas- "to bite"

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : kac- "to bite"

Maria Gondi (Lind) : kac- "to bite"

Adilabad Gondi : kaccānā "(SR) to gnash the teeth"

Additional forms : Also many dial. kask- to bite, (Tr. also) (belly) gnaws from hunger

Number in DED : 1097

Number in CVOTGD : 458, 608

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kac-

Meaning : scorpion

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : kaca kupi "scorpion (kupi crab)"

Manda : kaca kupe

Number in DED : 1097

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kac-

Meaning : to bite, sting

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kasa (kasi-) "to bite, sting; n. a bite, sting"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kacali

Kuwi (Schulze) : kaccinai

Sunkarametta Kuwi : kacc- (-it-) "to bite"

Parja Kuwi : kaca kupi "scorpion"

Additional forms : Also Kui pl. action kaska (kaski-); Kuwi_S kaca kupi scorpion; Kuwi_S kaskeri centipede

Notes : The forms for 'scorpion' mean literally 'stinging crab' (see 1734). The lack of gemination here is irregular; it may be due to specific word-contraction reasons.

Number in DED : 1097

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *qas-

Meaning : to eat; to derange the stomach

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : xassnā "to derange (the stomach), act as a purgative"

Malto : qaswe "to eat greedily, nip off with the teeth"

Number in DED : 1097

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