Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *guḥas-

Meaning: skin, scratch

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *gVḥaš- 'skin (v.)'

Western Chadic: *gwaHVs- 'scratch'

Central Chadic: *nV-gas- < *nV-gVHas 'mark, make scratches on pottery'

Notes: Prefix *nV- in Chadic

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1064

Proto-Semitic: *gVḥaš-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin (v.)'

Arabic: gḥs [-a-]

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *gwaHVs-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'scratch'

Sha: ngôs [JgR]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *n-gas-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'mark, make scratches on pottery (to decorate it)'

Mofu-Gudur: ngas- [BMaf]

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVCV

Meaning : scratch, scrape

Eurasiatic : *ḳVSV

Afroasiatic : ? *guḥas-

Sino-Caucasian : *qVčV / *čVqV

Austric : *kVs

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-kúc- 'to rub'.

Notes : For Afroasiatic cf. Dolg. *ḳwVŝ- (-ĉ-) 'scratch, scrape' (Sem., Omot., Chad.).

Reference : ND 1003, 1211 etc. (many roots); Guthrie 1186.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳV[sw]V

Meaning: to scrape

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *kes-

Altaic: *k`i̯òše

Uralic: *kiśkV (also keśV) 'to tear'; *keskV (*keksV) 'to whet'

Kartvelian: Laz. q̇az- 'trim, plane wood'

Dravidian: *kic-

Comments: Expected *ś in Kartv.

References: (МССНЯ 372), ОСНЯ 1, 343; ND 950 *k[ä]s̄V(RV) 'scales, crust' (Alt. + very dubious Kartv. and Sem.); 956 *kiŝʔV 'tear, pinch, pluck' (Mong. + Ur. + Drav.).; 1003 *ḳa[ĉ]U 'scratch, scrape off'; 1211 *ḲEŝU ~ *Ḳ[ü]ŝV 'to skin, tear' (Ur. + Alt. + Arab., sparse Berb.); 1951 *q̇EZu 'to shape an object by chopping, beating etc.' (Laz + Ur. *keskV + Arab. + very dub. IE).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kes-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to comb, to scratch

Hittite: kisai- (I) 'kämmen' (Tischler 587), kisri- c. 'etwas aus Wolle' (591)

Tokharian: B kāswo 'Aussatz'

Old Indian: kacchū- f. 'itch, scab, any cutaneous disease'

Avestan: kasvīš 'Krätze, mit einer solchen Behafteter'

Armenian: khos 'Krätze, Räude'

Old Greek: késkeo-n n. `Werg'

Slavic: *česā́tī, *čẽsjǭ; *kosī́tī

Baltic: *kas- (*kas-a-) vb. tr., *kas-ī̂- vb., *kas-a-, *kas-u- c.

Celtic: Ir cīr f. 'Kamm'

Russ. meaning: чесать, расчесывать

References: WP I 449 f

Comments: See also *kAs- 'plait, woman's hair'

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kas- (*kas-a-) vb. tr., *kas-ī̂- vb., *kas-a-, *kas-u- c.

Meaning: scratch, harrow

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: kàsti (kãsa/kãsia, kãsē) `graben, scharren', kasī́ti 'kratzen, krauen'; kãški-s 'Grind, Krätze, Räude, Krätzmilbe'

Lettish: kast (kasu/kašu, kasu) `scharren, Erde aufwerfen; harken', kass, kasus 'vernarbte Kratzwunde, Krätze', kasît (-u, -ĩju) `kratzen, schaben; schälen; scharren; harken'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯òše

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to scrape, shave

Russian meaning: скрести, брить

Turkic: *Kas

Mongolian: *kisu-

Tungus-Manchu: *xuši / *kuši

Japanese: *kùsà / *kǝ̀sà-i

Comments: Cf. *k`i̯ùčù. For the Turkic word Helimski 1995 proposed a Sam. etymology ( < PS *käsa 'bark'), which cannot be excluded; in that case the Turkic form should be removed from the comparison. {ND 950 proposes Turk. *Kas : TM *kesi- 'remove scales', *kesi-kte 'fish scales' which would change PA to *kesu-.}

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kas

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: skin, shell, peel, bark

Russian meaning: кожа, скорлупа, кора

Old Turkic: qasuq (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qas, qasuq (MK)

Halaj: qā̊s

Comments: EDT 665, 666, ЭСТЯ 5 328. The root should be distinguished from *Kaŕ (v. sub *k`éŕà). Note that in Siberian languages the reflexes of *ŕ and *s coincide, so all the forms attributed to *Kaŕ can also reflect PT *Kas.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kisu-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to scrape, shave

Russian meaning: скрести, брить

Written Mongolian: kisu-, qusu- (L 992)

Khalkha: xusa-

Buriat: x́uha-

Kalmuck: xusǝ- (КРС)

Baoan: χasǝ-

Shary-Yoghur: qǝsǝ-

Monguor: kiʒǝ- (SM 202), kǝsǝ-

Mogol: kišla- (Ramstedt 1906)

Comments: MGCD 393. Mong. > Evk. kisū- etc., see Doerfer MT 135.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xuši / *kuši

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: knife

Russian meaning: нож

Evenki: uči

Literary Manchu: kuši

Ulcha: kuče(n)

Orok: kuče(n)

Udighe: kusige

Solon: usxẽ

Comments: ТМС 1, 441, 2, 296.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kùsà / *kǝ̀sà-i

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: eczema

Russian meaning: экзема

Middle Japanese: kùsà, kòsè

Comments: JLTT 458, 465.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 321

Proto: *kiśkV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to tear, rip

German meaning: reissen

Finnish: kisko- 'abziehen, losreißen, zerreißen'

Estonian: kisku- 'reißen, ziehen, zerren'

Saam (Lapp): gâi'ko- -ik- (N) 'tear, pull', kai'hkō- (L) 'zerreißen, reißen', kiška- (T), ki̊ške- (Kld.), køške- (Not.) id.

Mordovian: śkiŕa- (E), kśt́eŕa- (M) 'zwicken, kneifen'

Hungarian: kísál- (dial.) 'ärgern, aufziehen, sich streiten, (altung.) kämpfen', késa, kísa (altung.) 'Aufruhr' ?

Sammalahti's version: FP *kis'ka-

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kic-

Meaning : to pinch

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Telugu : *gicc-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kis-k-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kic-

Proto-North Dravidian : *kis-

Brahui : kish-king

Notes : Voiced articulation in Telugu unclear.

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *gicc-

Meaning : to scratch, pinch

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : giccu (B)

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : giccu

Number in DED : 1513

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kis-k-

Meaning : to pinch

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : kīseng "(Pat.) to pinch"

Kolami (Setumadhava Rao) : kism-

Naiki : kis-/kicc-

Parji : kīk-

Ollari Gadba : kisk-

Salur Gadba : kicc- "to pluck"

Additional forms : Also Parji kicc- to pluck (strings of instrument with finger)

Number in DED : 1513

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kic-

Meaning : to pinch, scratch

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kic-

Konda : kis- (-t-)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kic-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kic-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *kic-

Meaning : to pinch

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : kiskānā

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : kicmānā "to pinch, scratch"

Muria Gondi : kisk-

Maria Gondi : kisk-

Seoni Gondi : kisk-

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : kicānā "to pluck"

Adilabad Gondi : kisk-

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Mu kism- to pinch; Gondi_Tr kiccānā to pick bhājī, i.e. green leaves for salad

Number in DED : 1513

Number in CVOTGD : 700, 671, 672

Konda etymology :

Konda : kis- (-t-)

Meaning: to pinch, nip, squeeze with fingers

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda caus. kisis-, kispis-

Number in DED : 1513

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kic-

Meaning : to pinch

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : kic- (-c-)

Manda : kic-

Number in DED : 1513

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kic-

Meaning : to pinch, nip

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kisa (kisi-) "to pinch, nip; n. a pinch, nip"

Khuttia Kui : kicc-

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kicali "to pinch"

Kuwi (Schulze) : kicinai "to nip"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : kicc- (-it-)

Notes : In Kuwi_S kiccinai should be expected. B&E note on the subject: "spelled with ch rather than ẓ" (ẓ stands for c in Schultze's transcription). Maybe ch here is a variant of -cc-.

Number in DED : 1513

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *kis-

Meaning : to pull out

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : kiccnā "to break into very small pieces (soft things, esp. bread, greens) with the fingers"

Malto : kise "to dig out a thorn from the flesh"

Additional forms : Also KUR kissnā to open and expand the flesh with a needle, etc., e.g. in order to extract a thorn; to goad. KUR kiccnā may not belong here.

Number in DED : 1513

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : kish-king

Meaning : to pluck, break off

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 1513

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *čV́(x)qV

Meaning: to scratch, scrape

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *č_VqV / *q_VčV

Sino-Tibetan: [*cĭk ~ *ć(h)-]

Yenisseian: *ǯ[e](ʔ)χV

Burushaski: *qhaṣ

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *č_VqV / *q_VčV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to scratch, rub

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *χ:Vč-

Proto-Tsezian: *čãχ:- ( ~ -ʁ-)

Proto-Dargwa: *=išq-

Proto-Lezghian: *č̣iχ:an-

Notes: One of the few expressive verbal stems with the structure CVCV, demonstrating numerous metatheses and irregularities. Precise PEC is rather difficult (but it is not excluded that the root is an expressive derivate from *=Vwq_V 'to scratch, scrape' q.v.).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *χ:Vč- / *q:Vč-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to scrape

Avar: χ:ačá-

Chadakolob: qičí-ʁ-

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *čãχ:- ( ~ -ʁ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to write

Bezhta: čaχ- (Tlad.)

Gunzib: čãχ-

Comments: PGB *čãχ-.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=išq-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to scratch, scrape 2 to tear

Akusha: išq-

Chiragh: =isqI-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =išq- / išq- id., and an expressive nominal derivate in Ak. qaIbš-bares, Chir. qIams ī 'to scrape'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *č̣iχ:an-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to scrape, rub 2 to fidget 3 to peel 4 to tear

Tabasaran: č̣u=ʁI- 1

Agul: č̣aχan- 4 (Bursh.)

Rutul: ʁa-č̣i=χa- 2

Tsakhur: č̣irχam aʔa- 1

Budukh: oč̣o=χn- 3

Comment: The Bud. verb means 'to peel (e.g. an apple); to hew, trim'; cf. also wo-č̣o=χn- 'to press'. An expressive PL root belonging to the strong verbal class, sometimes (e. g. in Tab.) with emphatic pharyngealisation. It seems probable to relate here, besides Tsakh. č̣irχam (which is a noun meaning 'scratch') also another nominal derivate: Rut. č̣ɨχIɨ-d 'rake'. Cf. also (with irregular development) Rut. ča=qʷa- 'to itch, scratch', Arch. χašá-s (3d cl. ba=χčá-s) 'to tear (off)'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: [*cĭk ~ *ć(h)-]

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bite

Lushai: KC *tśik bite, sting (Mikir chek)

Lepcha: cuk

Comments: PG *ciC bite; Garo tśik-; Kanauri tśig; Rgyarung -mtśig; Magari dźik; Midzhu tśak; Vayu tśik; Dhimal ci-; Nishi che; Wancho (Konyak) tsat; Manipuri chik; Chepang ʒǝc-; Sichuan *ćhV; Maring chik. Sh. 53, 143, 186.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯ[e]χV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to shave

Ket: dɔ:³

Yug: d́ou³ // d́o:

Kottish: hāran-čex 'to hack, bevel' (pres. hāraŋōčeaŋ, imper. hāraŋālčex)

Comments: ССЕ 310. This verb is frequently used as a second component in complex verbal stems: Ket ittɔ́, Yug ittou³ 'to make notches', Ket harɔ́, Yug fad́ou³ 'to split, hack'; Yug ʌxand́ou⁵ 'to split, stick in' = Kott. ax-čex, Kott hāran-čex 'to hack, bevel', ok-čex 'to kill' etc. Werner 1, 205 <*d'oʁǝ>.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *qhaṣ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: to rub

Hunza: qhaṣ

Nagar: qhaṣ

Comments: Sh. khaṣ

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kVs

Meaning: to scratch, scrape

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ka:jh (also *ko:jh)

Austroasiatic meaning: to scratch, scrape

Munda parallels: Kar kɔi

Proto-Austronesian: *keskes

Austronesian meaning: scratch, scrape

Austronesian code: 12:25

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ka:jh

Meaning: scratch

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: EK *ka:jh

Proto-Vietic: [*galh]

Proto-Monic: OM ka:s

References: S-36

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *ka:jh

Meaning: scrape

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *ka:jh

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *ka:jh

Meaning: scrape

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Lao Katu: ka:s

Lao Katu meaning: to scrape

Kri: kra:jh.B spread out evenly E?

Kantu dialects: ka:s

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *ga:rh

Meaning: scratch

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: gãi

Vietnamese meaning: scratch

Muong dialect: kaj.4

Arem: ʔakæ:h

Proto-Ruc: *ka:r.4

Ruc (Russian field rec.): ka:r.4

Ruc meaning: to scratch

Thavung-So: ʔakas.3

Thavung-So meaning: to scratch; ʔaka:j.B.4 to scratch

Thavung: ʔaka:jh.1

Notes: F-97: *ʔa-ga:s

References: TC76, TC78

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic:

Meaning: to shave oneself

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: kah

Old Mon: ka:s

Middle Mon: kaḥ

References: S-36

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