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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *lVjV
Meaning: weak
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-ura,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *ley[a]-
Meaning: lean, weak
Old Greek: lainókheir = sklērókheir Hsch., lĭăró- 'warm, lukewarm; gentle, balmy'; leirióẹ̄s, -essa, -en: Hom. - of the cicadae, ópa leirióessan '(their) delicate voices', Hes. - of the Muses voices; ? līmó-s m. /dor. f.) 'Hunger'
Celtic: *lein- > MIr līan `sanft'
Russ. meaning: худой, слабый
piet-meaning,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: лихо́й,
Near etymology: лих, лиха́, ли́хо, укр. лихи́й "злой, дурной, несчастный", др.-русск. лихъ "лишенный, печальный, злой, плохой, лихой, отважный", ст.-слав. лихъ ἀλλότριος (Супр., Клоц.), болг. лих, ж. лиха́, ср. р. лихо́ "злобный, лихой, своенравный", сербохорв. ли̑х, ли̑хо, словен. lȋh "нечетный, непарный", чеш. líchý "лишний, нечетный, лукавый, пустой", польск. lichy "нечетный, плохой, бедный", в.-луж. lichi "голый, свободный", н.-луж. lichy "холостой".
Further etymology: Первонач. *leikso- от *loik-; ср. лек, отлек; родственно греч. λεὶψόθριξ "потерявший волосы", λείψανον "остаток", далее лат. relinquō, -lictus "оставляю", греч. λείπω -- то же. Первонач. знач. было "остающийся, превышающий меру"; см. Бернекер 1, 718; Мейе, RS 4, 52 и сл. Разграничение слов liхъ "злой, дурной" и liхъ "лишний" не имеет оснований, вопреки Эндзелину (СБЭ 52, 198), Преобр. (I, 460 и сл.), Голубу (136); ср. Бернекер, там же; Ильинский, ИОРЯС 20, 3, 110 и сл. Следует отклонить сравнение с лит. líesas "худой", вопреки Эндзелину (там же), Буге (РФВ 67, 242), Маценауэру (LF 9, 204).
Pages: 2,505
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *lei-l-a- adj. (Lith CIRC/Lett AC, 1), *leî-s-a- adj. (1), *leî-s- (1) vb. intr., *lei-n-a- adj. (Lith CIRC/Lett AC, 1)
Meaning: weak, thin
Lithuanian: leĩla- `(ausgewöhnlich) schlank, dünn, biegsam, geschmeidig, gelenkig', dial. liela- 'gross'; líesa- `mager, hager, schmächtig', laisìnti 'mager machen', líesti (-sta, -sō) `mager werden'; leĩna- 'dünn, schwach, biegsam, geschmeidig', dial. laina- `dass.'
Lettish: liẽls 'gross'; liẽss, liêss2 (Bl.) 'mager, hager'; liẽst (-stu, -su) `mager werden'; lèins, leĩns 'schiefbeinig, auswärts gedreht'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *līna-, *lin(w)a-, *lī́sa-
Meaning: weak, flexible
Gothic: { CrGot lista 'zu wenig' }
Old Norse: lin-r `weich, nachgiebig', lina `erschlaffen'
Swedish: len adj.
Old Danish: lin adj.
Old English: (ge)līsian 'schlüpfen, gleiten'; comp. lǟs, sup. lǟst
English: less, least
East Frisian: länig, lenig `buigzam, lenig', Fris linich `buigzam, lenig, vlug, handig
Old Saxon: comp. lēs
Middle Dutch: līse `zacht, gemakkelijk'
Dutch: { lijs 'langsamer, träger Mensch' }; lenig `geschmeidig'; { südnl. lijs adj. }
Middle Low German: līse `schwach hörbar, sanft, sacht, langsam'
Old High German: līso adv. (9.Jh.) `sensim, pedentium, leniter'
Middle High German: lin (gen. linwes), līn 'lau, matt, schlecht'; līs(e), lins 'leise, sanft, langsam, anständig'
German: leise; bair. len `weich, matt, ungesalzen'
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-eastfris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1134
Root: lei-2
English meaning: to eliminate, dissipate, disappear; weak, thin
German meaning: `eingehen, abnehmen, schwinden; mager, schlank'
General comments: (aus *el-ei-)
Derivatives: leibho- `schwach', lei-no- `matt', lei-no- `matt', lei-ro- `schlank', loi-si-s `weniger'
Material: a. Gr. λίναμαι τρέπομαι Hes., λιάζομαι `weiche aus, sinke hin', λειρός (handschr. λειρώς) ὁἰσχνός καὶ ὠχρός Hes. (= lit. leĩlas), λῑμός m. `Hunger', λοιμός `Seuche, Pest'; λινό-σαρκος `von zartem Fleisch'; mir. lían (*lei-no-) `sanft'; léine f. `Hemd' (`*weiches Untergewand');
mhd. lī̆n `lau, matt', ahd. Lino PN, nld. lenig `geschmeidig', aisl. linr `zart, weich, schwach'; lina `lindern, nachlassen';
got. af-linnan `ablassen, fortgehen', aisl. linna `aufhören lassen, hemmen', ags. linnan `aufhören', ahd. bi-linnan `weichen, aufhören', mit -nn- aus -nu̯-;
aisl. lǣ n. (*laiwa-) `Schade, Unglück, Betrug', ahd. Gen. lēwes `leider', ags. lǣw `Verstümmelung'; ags. as. lēf `schwach' (*lēi-bho-);
aus dem Nebeneinander von got.-nord. lit- (in got. leitils `klein, wenig', aisl. lítill ds., afries. lītik, bair. dünn-leizig, aisl. Adverb lítt `wenig, schlecht') und westgerm. lut- (in asächs. luttil, ahd. luzzil, liuzil `klein', ags. lȳtel ds.) ergibt sich, daß lei- aus *el-ei-, daneben leu- aus *el-eu- entstanden sein müssen;
lit. leĩlas `dünn, schlank' (aus *leĩras, zu gr. λειρός), lett. liẽls `groß' (`*schlank'), mit anderen Suffixen lit. leĩnas, leĩtas `schlank', ablaut. láinas ds.; líebas `mager, dünn', ablaut. láibas `zart, dünn, schlank';
ksl. liběvъ, libavь, libivъ `mager', serb. linjati `schwinden', linjati se `mausern', Denomin. von *lein- (: lit. leĩnas), slov. liliti `häuten' (: lit. leilė́ti `mager werden'), leviti se `sich häuten' (: lit. láibinti `dünner machen');
toch. A lalaṃsk-, В lalaṃske `zart'.
b. s-Erweiterung leis-, lois- in:
gr. λιαρός `milde, lind' (*lisero-s), λοι̃σθος `der zurückbleibende, hinterste, letzte', λοίσθιος ds., vielleicht aus *λοιhιστος, Superlativ zu *λοιhις
= germ. *laisiz `weniger, minder', ags. lǣs, nengl. less, as. lēs ds., Kompar. ags. lǣssa (*laisiza), afries. lessa, Superl. ags. lǣst und lǣrest, engl. least, afries. lērest und lēst, zu krimgot. lista `wenig'; ahd. līso Adv. `leniter', mhd. Adj. und Adv. līse, nhd. leise; ags.ge-līsian `schlüpfen, gleiten';
lit. líesas, lett. líess `mager'; lit. líesti und lýsti `mager werden', lett. líest ds.
References: WP. II 387 ff., WH. I 807 f., Trautmann 154, Specht Idg. Dekl. 125, Machek Recherches 75 ff. Wohl hierher 1. leig- und leik-, s. unten S. 676.
Pages: 661-662
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1817
Proto: *lOjV
English meaning: small, young or weak
German meaning: klein, jung od. schwach. kraftlos
Khanty (Ostyak): lǫjamtĭл-, lǫjamtĭjǝл- 'schwach, schlecht, kraftlos werden (infolge des Alters)'
Mansi (Vogul): läi (LM), lai (N) 'zart, kraftlos, jung; winzig', läi̯ (K) 'klein'
Hungarian: lëany (dial. ján, jány, leány, lëhany, lëhân, lëjány, lëvány, lián, liány, liván, livány, lyán, lyiány; altung. layanyat) 'Tochter, Mädchen' ?
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVLV
Meaning : weak
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔVl-
Meaning: be exhausted
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-lec,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 1556
Proto-Semitic: *ʔVlVw-
Meaning: 'be unable, be incapable'
Arabic: ʔlw [-u-]
Notes: Based on *ʔVl-
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,semet-notes,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ʔel-
Meaning: 'exhaustion'
Oromo (Galla): eelaa
Notes: Nominal derivative
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-oro,lecet-notes,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ħalV(ħV)
Meaning: weak
Comments and references : Possibly compensatory length in PY. Cf. PAA *rVj 'lean' (probably < ST). sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ħălVħV
Meaning: slow
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Lak. -r- perhaps reflects *-l- in a secondary cluster with -ħ-; otherwise correspondences are regular.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ʔin-ħaħV-
Meaning: slow
Akhvakh: ĩhãhime
Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. iho-, Tlan. ĩhaho-, Ratl. ihʷa-. The word reflects a prothetic *ʔin-, often present in PA before *ħ-. In Avar there is an adverb ħála-ƛ: / ħáli-c:a / ħáli-q:e 'slowly, with effort' - which may reflect the same EC root; but synchronically it is now reinterpreted as a form from ħal 'state of things; effort, power' ( < Arab. ħāl). The Avar form has penetrated into many nearby languages (cf. Cham. hali-baχa, Tind. haljoχa / hajloχa > Inkh. halijaχin 'slowly', Lak. ħalliχ-s:a, Khosr. haIlliχ id.).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-akv,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *harih-
Meaning: slow
Ginukh: harihu-n
Comments: Attested only in Gin., but having probable external parallels. [It is not quite clear whether we should also compare PGB *hate ( < *har-te ?) 'slowly', reflected in Gunz. hade, Bezht. Khosh. häte, Tlad. ħäte.]
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-gin,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: ħurħa-
Meaning: slow
Lak form: ħurħa-s:a
Comments: Cf. Khosr. huIrhaI 'slowly'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *b-ahla-
Meaning: slow
Akusha: bahla-si
Chiragh: bahla-ze
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rŏj
Meaning: lean, weak
Kachin: (H) groi be thin, lean.
Lushai: roiʔ be weak, worn out, to lose power.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 羸
Modern (Beijing) reading: léi
Preclassic Old Chinese: roj
Classic Old Chinese: rwaj
Western Han Chinese: rwaj
Eastern Han Chinese: rwe
Early Postclassic Chinese: lwe
Middle Postclassic Chinese: lwe
Late Postclassic Chinese: lwe
Middle Chinese: lwe
English meaning : lean, emaciated, weak
Russian meaning[s]: 1) тощий, худой; отощать; истощенный; 2) утомиться; усталый; 3) слабый, дряхлый; 4) перевязать, обвязать; 5) закрыть, закупорить
Comments: During L.Zhou used also for a homonymous *roj 'entangle'. For *r- cf. Fuzhou lui2, Jianou luoi9.
Radical: 123
Four-angle index: 7716
Karlgren code: 0014 c
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔēl (~x-,-r)
Meaning: weak
Ket: d-ɛ́ĺtim 'lax'
Yug: ɛ:hl
Arin: t-erma (Лоск.)
Comments: ССЕ 190. The comparison with Arin belongs to Werner (1, 181, 259-260, 2, 258) and is reasonable if we suppose a prefixed nature of t- in Arin and d- in Ket; however, the reason for reconstructing <*egǝl> or even <*egǝʎ> on the basis of this comparison stays unclear to me.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-ari,yenet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *ahul
Meaning: 1 weak, frail 2 insipid, tasteless 3 less fertile, meager (land) 4 to be weakened, waste away
Bizkaian: aul 1, 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: aul, abol 1, 3
High Navarrese: aul 1, 3
Low Navarrese: ahul 1, 3
Lapurdian: ahul 1, 3
Zuberoan: áhül 1, 2, 3
Roncalese: aul-tu 4
Comments: Trask, following Mitxelena, derives this word from Old Cast. ávol ‘low, bad’ or Old Occit. avol, aul ‘schlecht, elend’, but REW (3960) finds any derivation of these from Lat. habilis ‘handy’, etc., or advolus (‘prostrate’?) doubtful. Occ.-Provençal devol ‘weak’ does come from Lat. debilis (REW 2491), but obviously cannot account for Bsq *ahul.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *lVh
Meaning: weak, tired
Proto-Austroasiatic: *leh Austroasiatic meaning: weak, tired
Proto-Austronesian: (Chamic *d/gleh)
Proto-Thai: la.C tired CK
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *leh
Meaning: weak, tired
Thai: la.C tired CK
Proto-Palaungic: Ava glɛih
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-pawa,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *leh
Meaning: weak, brittle
Presyllable: ʔǝ-
References: P-311; TK15.115a
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic: *l[e/ɛ]h
Meaning: weak, die
Presyllable: ʔǝ-/#
Bru: ʔǝlɛh.B
Bru meaning: weak
Kui: lɛh.B
Kui meaning: die
Kuay: lɛh.B
Kuay meaning: die, dead
Ngeu: lɛh
Ngeu meaning: die
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-bru,wkatet-brume,wkatet-kui,wkatet-kuime,wkatet-kuay,wkatet-kuayme,wkatet-ngeu,wkatet-nyeume,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *leh
Meaning: brittle, fragile
Presyllable: ʔǝ-/pǝ-
Pakoh: ʔǝleh.T
Pakoh meaning: tired (from carrying heavy load)
Kri: plɛh
Chatong: paplɛh
Kantu dialects: plɛh
Dakkan dialects (2): glɛh
Dakkan meaning: tired, weary
Katu dialects (1): glɛh
Katu dialects (4): la=lɛh
Katu meaning: very tired
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-kr,ekatet-ct,ekatet-kntt,ekatet-dkk,ekatet-dkme,ekatet-and,ekatet-kph,ekatet-katme,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *leh
Meaning: tired
Presyllable: gǝ-
Cua: glɛh
References: SPT
banet-meaning,banet-prpr,banet-prnum,banet-nwb,banet-cua,banet-refer,
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North-West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *lɛh, gǝ-
Meaning: tired, fatigued
Tariang: glɛh
Kaseng: glɛh
Yaeh: glɛh
References: TB16.169
nwbet-meaning,nwbet-prnum,nwbet-tr,nwbet-ks,nwbet-yh,nwbet-refer,
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