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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ʔVpV
Meaning: rise, up
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *upo
Meaning: prep./adv.: over
Old Indian: úpa prv., prp. 'towards, near to, by the side of etc.'; upamá- 'uppermost, highest'; upári 'above, upon, on'; úpara- 'situated below, under; later; nearer'
Avestan: upa prv., prp. 'hin--zu, in, auf; bei, in'; upǝma- 'der oberste'; upairi 'über, über--hin, über--hinaus usw.'; upara- der obere'
Other Iranian: OPers upā prv., prp. 'hin--zu, in, auf; bei, in'; upariy 'über, über--hin, über--hinaus usw.'
Armenian: i ver 'hinauf, oben', i veroy 'ob, oberhalb, i veray 'darüber, darauf'
Old Greek: hǘpato- 'der höchste, erste', hǘpio- 'zurückgelenkt, rücklings', hǘpsio-; hǘper, hüpér prv. 'über, über--hinaus', prp. 'über--hin, oberhalb, über--hinaus usw.'; hǘpero- 'Mörserkeule', hüpérā 'oberes Seil'
Germanic: Got uf (ub-uh) prf. 'auf', prp. 'unter' usw.,, OHG ūf, ūfan; OSax uppa, up, OE uppe, up, OIsl upp 'auf', Got iup 'aufwärts'; OE ufema, yfemest 'der höchste, oberste'; *ubari, *uberi prv., prp.; *ubarō adv., comp. OE yferra, sup. yfemest < *ubirizō
Latin: super prv., prp. 'über, drüber'; super, superus 'der obere'
Other Italic: Osk supruis 'superis'; Umbr super prv., prp. 'über, drüber',
Celtic: OIr for-, for prv., prp. 'über, auf', Cymr gor-, gwar-, Corn gor-, Bret gour-, Gall uer-tragus 'ine Artchnelliger Hunde', Vercingetorix
Russ. meaning: над
Comments: + *upes-, *ups-, *oups-, *oup(s)tr-
piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-iran,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-ital,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-comment,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: гру́хнуться,
Near etymology: гро́хнуться, укр. гру́хнути "стукнуть, треснуть", болг. гру́хам "толкаю, разбиваю", сербохорв. гру́хам, гру́хати "греметь (о пушке), бить с грохотом", чак. grùh, род. п. grùha "камешки", словен. grȗh "галька", польск. gruchać "ворковать (о голубях)", gruchnąć "раздаться".
Further etymology: Родственно лит. griáuju, griáuti "сваливать, греметь", griūvù, griū́ti "обрушиваться", лтш. gr̨aût "сваливать, бросать, разрушать", лат. ingruō "врываюсь", греч. ἔχραον "напал, притеснил", ср.-нж.-н. grûs ср. р. "щебенка", grȏs -- то же; см. Mi. EW 80; Бернекер 1, 358; М. -- Э. 1, 673; Ягич, AfslPh 2, 396.
Pages: 1,465
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 2067
Root: upér, upéri
English meaning: over, above
German meaning: `über, oberhalb', Präp. und (außer im Ar.) Präverb; auch `über - hinaus'
General comments: verwandt mit upo s. d.
Derivatives: upero-s `der Obere'
Material: 1. Ai. upári, av. upairi, ар. upariy `über, über - hin, über - hinaus (Akk.); über - hin (Instr); über (Gen.)'; arm. wahrscheinlich i ver `hinauf, oben' (wohl *uper; daneben aus Kasusformen von *upero-:) i veroy `ob, oberhalb', i veray `darüber, darauf' (dies als Präp. beim Gen. `über, auf'); gr. ὑπέρ, Präverb `über, über - hinaus' und Präp. `über - hin, oberhalb, über - hinaus (Akk.); über' auch im Sinne von lat. dē; `zum Schutz, zum Besten (m. echtem Gen.; arkad. mit Dat.-Lok.)'; lat. umbr. super (zum s- s. u. upo) Präverb `über, drüber' und Präp. `über, über - hin, über - hinaus (Akk.); über' (`Abl.' = Lok.); air. for-, for Präverb `über, auf' und Präp. `über, über - hin, über - hinaus (Akk); über auf (`Dat.' = Instr. oder Lok.)', cymr. gor-, gwar-, corn. gor-, bret. gour-, gall. uer-tragus `eine Art schnellfüßiger Hunde', PN Ver-cingeto-rīx (das inselkelt.-o- nachir. fo-, brit. gwo-);
kelt. *vertamo- `der höchste' im VN Vertamo-cori(ī), ablautend cymr. gwar-thaf `Höhe' (*vortamos); keltiber. ueramos `summus' (*uperemos);
got. ufar, aisl. yfir (*úperi); ahd. uber (*upéri), mit im Satzinlaut bewahrtem i- ahd.ubari, ubiri Präverb `über' und Präp. `über, über - hin, über = hinaus (Akk.); über' (`Dat.' = Instr. oder Lok).
2. Ai. úpara- `der untere, nähere' = av. upara- `der obere'; gr. ὕπερος `Mörserkeule', ὑπέρᾱ `oberes Seil' (ὑπερῴα `Gaumen', ὑπερώιον `Obergemach' sind unklar); lat. super, superus `der obere', osk. supruis `superis' (davon lat. suprā `oberhalb, über', superior, suprēmus, umbr. subra `supra', supru Adv. `suprā'; lat. supernus `der obere', umbr. superne m. Akk. `super'); got. ufarō Adv. `über, darüber', ahd. obaro Adj. `der obere', ags. yferra ds. (*uƀerizō; Superl. уfemest s. u. upo).
References: WP. I 192, WH. II 613 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 518 ff. Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.
Pages: 1105-1106
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *i̯úgu
Meaning: up, above
Russian meaning: верх, наверху
Comments: EAS 146-147, Poppe 60, Rozycki 222 (Mong.-Tung.), Martin 247, Menges 1984, 291, АПиПЯЯ 15, 81, SKE 284. This is a well known Altaic root, and the Mong.-Tung.-Kor. match seems undeniable. Doerfer first tried to abolish the obvious Mong.-Tung. parallel by attempting to postulate the original meaning in Mong. as "opposite" (see TMN 1, 168-169), then included it into his list of Mong.>Tung. borrowings (Doerfer MT 25): both positions are certainly untenable. However, the Turkic and Japanese reflexes here are not devoid of problems. The Turkic reflex reveals an exceptional preservation of *i̯u- as jü- (regularly *ɨg- would be expected) - which may be explained by the inner Turkic confusion of the synonymous roots *jüg- and *jok- ( < *ŋi̯ṑk`è q. v.). The Japanese match can be (and has been traditionally) explained as a compound of *u- 'top' with *pa (*ba) 'place' (v. sub *bi̯ŏ̀ga). However, in case of a compound we would rather expect *u-m-pa. It should be also noticed that the form *úpa- itself is very frequent as a first component of compounds, while the root *ú- alone is never attested. This all may mean that the Japanese form actually reflects a different root (with a medial labial consonant), or a merger of PA *i̯ugu with some different root. Such a root may be perhaps discovered in TM (*ebu-ri- 'to lift, raise', see ТМС 2, 471) and Mong. (Kh. övx- 'to rise'), with a provisional reconstruction of PA *ébu {(*épu)}. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *jüg-
Meaning: 1 upwards 2 to rise 3 hill 4 high
Russian meaning: 1 вверх, наверх 2 подниматься 3 холм 4 высокий
Old Turkic: jügerü (Orkh., OUygh.) 1
Karakhanid: jükse- 2 (MK) Turkish: jüksel- 2, jüǯe, (dial.) jüg, jüǯek, jügǯek, jüvǯek 3
Middle Turkic: jüksät- 2 (Houts.), jüče 4 (AH) Azerbaidzhan: jüksäl- 2, uǯa 4
Gagauz: ǖsel- 2
Karaim: öksel- 2
Comments: EDT 915, ЭСТЯ 4, 263-264. The form *jügerü is replaced in most modern languages by a back row variant *jokaru, *jokgaru (see ЭСТЯ 4, 213-214); this may be due to a contamination with a synonymous root *jok "up, above" (see ЭСТЯ 4, 215). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-chg,turcet-azb,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *öɣe-, *ög-se-
Meaning: 1 upwards 2 to rise, ascend
Russian meaning: 1 наверх 2 подниматься
Written Mongolian: ögede (L 630) 1, ögse- (L 632) 2 Middle Mongolian: o'e-de (SH) 1 Khalkha: ȫd 1, ögsö- 2
Buriat: ȫde 1, ügse- 2
Kalmuck: ȫdǝ 1, öksǝ- 2
Ordos: ȫdö 1
Dongxian: oǯie 1
Baoan: odǝ 1
Mogol: öädä; ZM udä (18-6a) monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ug-
Meaning: 1 above, up 2 to mount
Russian meaning: 1 верх, наверху 2 садиться верхом
Evenki: uɣī 1, uɣ- 2
Even: öɣъ- 1, ū- 2
Negidal: uvi- ~ uɣi- 1, okča-lā- 2
Literary Manchu: ve-si- 1
Jurchen: wi-si (594) 1
Ulcha: uji- 1, ụ̄- 2
Orok: ui, uwu 1, ụ̄- 2
Nanai: uwu-j 1, ō- 2
Oroch: ui-si 1, ū- 2
Udighe: ui- 1, ū-na- 2
Solon: uɣe-sxī 1, ugu- 2
Comments: ТМС 2, 243-244, 245-246. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-chu,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *ùh
Meaning: up, above
Russian meaning: верх, наверху
Modern Korean: wi
Middle Korean: ù (ùh-)
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *ú-pa-
Meaning: up, above
Russian meaning: верх, наверху
Old Japanese: u-pe
Middle Japanese: ú-fe
Tokyo: ué, ùe
Kyoto: úé
Kagoshima: ué
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVPV
Meaning : rise, up
Afroasiatic : Sem. *ʕwp 'fly, bird', Eg. ʕpy 'fly' (in afaset cf. *fay- 'lift, go up' and *paʔ- / *paw- 'fly, jump').
Amerind (misc.) : *apa-(k) 'above' (Ruhlen 5) [+ A K ] African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-bàbá, *-pàpá 'wing'; Ijo pa_ba 'wing'.
Reference : ND 140 *ʡuṗE 'take wing, up' (SH:IE, with dubious Alt.). globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-amer,globet-afr,globet-reference,
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