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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *HV(w)[č`]V
Meaning: bone
Comments: Expected -s- in Alt. Cf. *HońcV. Cf. Proto-Aleut PAl *caχ 'hand, arm'.
References: ? Cf. ND 823 *ħū(w)č̣V 'loins, lap' (Alt.+Megr.+ very dubious Drav. and Sem.); 731 *ɣUč̣V 'bone' (IE, Alt + Georg. ɣoǯ- 'fang'? + Sem. *ʕač̣am- 'bone'). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-esk,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *ost- (-th-) <PIH *H->
Meaning: bone
Hittite: hastai- n. 'Knochen, Gebein(e)' (Tischler 202-203)
Tokharian: B āy, āyo, pl. āsta 'bone' (Adams 45 f)
Old Indian: asthi, gen. asthnáḥ n. `bone'
Avestan: ast-, asti- n. 'Knochen'; astava- 'mit einem Knochen versehen'; asku- 'Schienbein, Wade'
Armenian: oskr `Knoche'
Old Greek: ion., hell. ostéo-n, att. ostọ̄̂-n n. `Knochen'; att. ostakó-s, hellen. astakó-s `Meerkrebs'; óstrako-n `knöcherne, harte Schale von Schnecken, Muscheln, Schildkroten', óstrei̯o-n, -eo-n n. `Auster, Muschel, Meeresschnecke; Purpurfarbe'; ostrǘ-s, -ǘos; ostrǘǟ; ostrüís, -ídos f. N. eines Baumes mit Hartem weissem Holz, `Hopfenhainbuche, Ostrya carpinifolia'; ? astrágalo-s m. `Halswirbel, Sprungbein, (daraus gemachter) Würfel'
Slavic: *ostь 'fish-bone'
Latin: os, gen. ossis n. `Bein, Knochen', OLat ossum, pl. ossua n. id.
Celtic: Cymr asgwrn `Knochen', Corn ascorn `Knochen', Bret askourn `Knochen'
Albanian: ašt, ašte Knochen
Russ. meaning: кость
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-alb,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1433
Root: ost(h)-; ost(h)i, ost(h)r(g), obl. ost(h)-(e)n-
English meaning: bone
German meaning: `Knochen'
Derivatives: ost(h)ei̯on `Beinernes'
Material: Ai. ásthi n., Gen. asth-n-áḥ `Bein, Knochen', av. ast-, asti- n. `Knochen', Gen. Pl. astąm, Instr. Pl. azdbīš, asti-aojah- `Knochenkraft', astǝn-tāt `Lebenskraft'; pāli aṭṭhitaco `Krebs' (*asthi-tvacas `knochenhäutig', vgl. zur Bed. gr. ὀστακός `Meerkrebs'); gr. ὀστέον `Knochen' (wohl *οστέι̯-ον `*Beinernes' = lat. osseum ds.), lat. оssu, ossua wohl als Neuerung nach genu, genua; ὀστακός (hellenist. zu ἀστακός assimil.) `Meerkrebs' aus *ὀστ-τακο- `dessen Haut Knochen sind', woneben vom r-St. ὄστρακον `harte Schale, Scherbe', ὄστρεον `Auster' (wohl auch ὀστρύς, ὀστρύα, ὀστρυΐς `Baum mit hartem, weißem Holz' durch Dissimil. aus *ὀστρο-δρυς), ἀστράγαλος `Knöchel' (assimil. aus *ὀστράγαλος; setzt einen Nom. *ost(h)r̥g voraus); wenat. ostüakon `ossuārium'; alb. asht, ashtë `Knochen'; lat. os, richtiger oss, Gen. ossis n. `Bein, Knochen' (oss am ehesten Auslautentwicklung aus *ost); alat. auch ossum;
unklar ist das a- in air. asil `Glied' (acorn. esel, bret. ezel ds.), mir. asna m. `Rippe' (*astoni̯o-?), mcymr. ass-en, Pl. eis (*astī), asseu `Rippe, Latte, Stange', cymr. asgwrn (s. unten), wozu wohl lat. asser `Latte, Stange'; vielleicht hierher air. odb m. `Knoten, Auswuchs', cymr. oddf ds. aus *ozbho-, älter *ost-bho-, welter zu gr. ὀσφύς `Hüfte' (anders S. 773);
hitt. ḫastāi- `Knochen, Widerstandskraft'.
Eine ko-Ableitung *ost-ko- liegt zugrunde in: av. asća- `Schienbein, Wade', arm. oskr `Knochen'; cymr. asgwrn `Knochen', Pl. esgyrn, corn. ascorn, bret. askourn ds. (kelt. Formans -rno-).
References: WP. I 185 f., WH. II 225 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 518, Benveniste Origines 1, 6 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 74; Meillet BSL 33, 259.
Pages: 783
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ubč`V
Meaning: behind, rump, fish fin
Russian meaning: задница, крестец, рыбий плавник
Comments: A Western isogloss. Despite TMN 2, 137, Щербак 1997, 160, Mong. cannot be < Turk. (-uw- is unexplained this way). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *ūča
Meaning: 1 rump 2 back 3 loins, buttocks
Russian meaning: 1 крестец 2 спина 3 задница, ягодицы
Old Turkic: uča (OUygh.) 1
Turkish: uǯa 'hip'
Tatar: ŭča 1
Uighur: uča 2
Sary-Yughur: uǯa, uča 1
Turkmen: ūǯa 1
Khakassian: uča 2
Shor: uča 1
Oyrat: uča 2
Chuvash: vǝʷǯǝʷ 1
Yakut: uǯuŋax 3
Tuva: uža 1
Kirghiz: uča 1
Noghai: uša 1
Bashkir: ŭsa 1
Comments: EDT 20, ЭСТЯ 1, 566-567. The Yak. form has an irregular -ǯ-. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *(h)uwča
Meaning: sacrum, croup, rump
Russian meaning: копчик, крестец
Written Mongolian: uuča, (L 864) uɣuča (МХТТТ) Middle Mongolian: uča 'back' (MA) Khalkha: ūc
Buriat: ūsa
Ordos: ūča
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *oči(ka)
Meaning: 1 groin 2 fish fin (on the back or on belly) 3 fork, bifurcation
Russian meaning: 1 пах 2 рыбий плавник (спинной или подбрюшный) 3 развилка
Even: očaqa 1, oč 3
Negidal: očaxa 2
Literary Manchu: učiqa 2
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1699
Proto: *wačV (wočV)
English meaning: clavicle; shoulder
German meaning: Schlüsselbein; Schulter
Mari (Cheremis): wače (B) 'Schulter' ?
Komi (Zyrian): voč-li̮ (VU I VO) 'ключица' ?
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mar,uralet-kom,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣač̣-
Russian meaning: челюсть
English meaning: jaw
Georgian: ɣanč̣-
Svan: (?) ɣč̣ḳ- 'to gab', mǝ-ɣč̣ḳ-e 'Quasselstrippe'
Notes and references: EWK 386. Ср. ПИЕ *Host- 'кость'.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-sva,kartet-notes,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *icaɣǝ-
Meaning: to stretch arms, fathom
Russian meaning: расправлять руки, сажень
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 149
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *jaɣǝ-nǝʁ, *jaɣǝ-t-
Meaning: fathom 1, span 2, to stretch out (arms, wings) 3
Russian Meaning: сажень (маховая) 1, пядь 2, расправлять (крылья) 3, (руки) 4
Sirenik: //jaxtaʁaʁ- 'to fly' [Men.]
Chaplino: jāɣnǝq (ʁǝt), jáʁnak* 'fathom from fingertips of one arm to bent elbow of other one', jaxtáʁaʁáquq 3 (wings)
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: saɣnǝq 1, 2, saxtǝ- 3 (arms)
Central Alaskan Yupik: jaɣnǝq (ʁ) 1, 2, jaxtǝ- 3 (arms)
Chevak (Peripheral): caxtǝ- 3 (arms)
Nunivak (Peripheral): jaχtoχ* 3 (wings, arms), caxtǝ- 3 (arms)
PAME: *icaɣ-(nǝʁ)
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 149
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-sir,yupet-chap,yupet-aay,yupet-cay,yupet-chev,yupet-nun,yupet-pame,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *ịcaɣ- (-nǝʁ)
Meaning: fathom 1, to extend arm 2, to raise arms 3, to stretch out arms or wings 4
Russian meaning: сажень (маховая) 1, протянуть руку 2, поднимать руки 3, расправлять руки, крылья 4
Seward Peninsula Inupik: izak- 2
SPI Dialects: Imaq izáqturātoq 'to grasp', W izaktoq*, izaqtoq* 4
North Alaskan Inupik: isaɣnɨq (ʁ) 1, isāq- 3
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl icaktoq* 4
Western Canadian Inupik: isaŋniq 1, isak- 2, isāq- 3 [Met.]
Eastern Canadian Inupik: isak- 'to stretch arm', isāk- 'to spread or stretch arms sideways'
Greenlandic Inupik: isanniq (ʁ) 'span', isaɣ- 2, isagpoq* 4
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 149
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-eci,inupet-gri,inupet-ced,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVCV
Meaning : bone
Sino-Caucasian : ? Basq. *esur 'bone'
Austric : PAN *isi 'tooth'
Amerind (misc.) : ?? *tui (actually - *cui) 'bone' (R 82); ? *asiʔ 'foot' (R 288) [+ A K]; *(w-)iš ~ *(w-)asi 'hand' (R 346) [+ A]; *ca 'rib' (R 569) globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔic- (?)
Meaning: tooth
Low East Cushitic: DAS īso 'lower jaw'
Notes: Scarce data. Phonetically problematic.
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-wch,afaset-lec,afaset-hec,afaset-notes,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *ḥa-/wu-ʔic-
Meaning: 'tooth'
Mupun: òos [FrM]
Sura: ʔàgàs [CLR: 330]
Angas: ās [Fl]
Chip: ʔaɣàs [JgC]
Montol: ɣǝ̀́ǝs [JgC]
Ankwe=Goemai: hag-has [Fp]
Gerke=Yiwom: ɣàs [JgC]
Bolewa: udo [CLR]
Karekare: ùtu ̀ [ShV]
Dera=Kanakuru: wúro ́ [ShV]
Tangale: wudo [JgT]
Ngamo: ùdo [ShV]
Maha: udo [NmM]
Kifri=Giwo: ìččó [ShB]
Gera: wàšá [ShV]
Galambu: yìizì [ShV]
Geruma: òčóŋ [ShB]
Notes: Krf may be a derivatice of a verb 'to grind'.
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-gwn,wchet-sur,wchet-ang,wchet-chp,wchet-mnt,wchet-ank,wchet-grk,wchet-bol,wchet-krk,wchet-der,wchet-tng,wchet-ngm,wchet-mah,wchet-krf,wchet-ger,wchet-glm,wchet-grm,wchet-notes,
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High East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-High East Cushitic: *ʔis-
Meaning: 'tooth'
Darasa (Gedeo): iiso
hecet-prnum,hecet-meaning,hecet-dar,
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